Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halbaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut”) through a sense ‘divided’ or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo- cognate with Lithuanian šalìs (“side, strip of land”). Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (“cheap, reduced”) (compare Finnish halpa (“cheap”), Estonian halb (“bad”)), itself possibly from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“sallow, dirty”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.βɑz/

Adjective

*halbaz

1. half

Inflection

Declension of *halbaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*halbaz	*halbai	*halbō	*halbôz	*halbą, -atō	*halbō
Accusative	*halbanǭ	*halbanz	*halbǭ	*halbōz	*halbą, -atō	*halbō
Genitive	*halbas, -is	*halbaizǫ̂	*halbaizōz	*halbaizǫ̂	*halbas, -is	*halbaizǫ̂
Dative	*halbammai	*halbaimaz	*halbaizōi	*halbaimaz	*halbammai	*halbaimaz
Instrumental	*halbanō	*halbaimiz	*halbaizō	*halbaimiz	*halbanō	*halbaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*halbô	*halbaniz	*halbǭ	*halbōniz	*halbô	*halbōnō
Accusative	*halbanų	*halbanunz	*halbōnų	*halbōnunz	*halbô	*halbōnō
Genitive	*halbiniz	*halbanǫ̂	*halbōniz	*halbōnǫ̂	*halbiniz	*halbanǫ̂
Dative	*halbini	*halbammaz	*halbōni	*halbōmaz	*halbini	*halbammaz
Instrumental	*halbinē	*halbammiz	*halbōnē	*halbōmiz	*halbinē	*halbammiz

Derived terms

• *Halbadaniz (“Half-Dane”)
• *halbadaudaz
• *halbiþō
• *halbō
• *halbǭ

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *halb
  • Old English: healf, half, halb
    • Middle English: half
      • English: half (see there for further descendants)
      • Scots: hauf
      • Yola: halleef, halef, halluf
  • Old Frisian: half
    • Saterland Frisian: hoolf
    • West Frisian: heal
  • Old Saxon: half
    • Middle Low German: half
      • Low German: half, halv
      • Plautdietsch: haulf
  • Old Dutch: *half
    • Middle Dutch: half
      • Dutch: half
        • Afrikaans: half
  • Old High German: halb, halp; half (Central German)
    • Middle High German: halp; half
      • Bavarian: hoib
      • Central Franconian: hallev

        Hunsrik: halleb

        Luxembourgish: hallef

      • Cimbrian: halp
      • German: halb
      • Yiddish: האַלב (halb)
• Old Norse: halfr, hálfr
  • Icelandic: hálfur
  • Faroese: hálvur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: halv, (dialectal) halv’u, hålv’e, håv’e, alv’e
  • Elfdalian: åv
  • Old Swedish: halve
    • Swedish: halv
  • Old Danish: half
    • Danish: halv
      • Norwegian Bokmål: halv
    • Scanian: halver
  • Gutnish: halvar
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs)