Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰreh₁d-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative forms edit

*ǵʰleh₂d- (found at least in Old Irish ad·gládathar and Ancient Greek κέχλᾱδα (kékhlāda))

Root edit

*ǵʰreh₁d-^[1]^[2]

to sound

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰreh₁d-‎ (1 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰreh₁d-ti (root present)^[1]^[2]
- Celtic:
  - Middle Welsh: griddfan
    - Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)
*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati
    - Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati
    - >? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)
*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)^[2]
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)
- Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)^[3]

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grētan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 187-188: “*ǵʰreh₁d-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ĝʰreh₁d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 202
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krāt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 230

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grētan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 187-188: “*ǵʰreh₁d-”

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ĝʰreh₁d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 202

[3] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krāt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 230

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