Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-EuropeanEdit

RootEdit

*bʰer- (imperfective)^[1]

to bear, carry

Derived termsEdit

► Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-

*bʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
*bʰér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Albanian: *berja (see there for further descendants)
*bʰér-ti-s (“the act of carrying, bearing”)
*bʰor-éye-ti (causative-iterative)
*bʰr̥-yé-ti (yé-present)^[2]
- Germanic: *burjaną (see there for further descendants)
*bʰṓr (“thief”)
*bʰor-id-eh₂^[3]
- Italic: *for(i)dā
  - Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)
*bʰor-éh₂
- Albanian: *barā^[4]
  - Albanian: barrë (“burden, load”)
- Hellenic: *pʰorā́
  - Ancient Greek: φορᾱ́ (phorā́)
*bʰór-o-s
- Hellenic: *pʰóros
  - Ancient Greek: φόρος (phóros, “tribute”)
*bʰor-ó-s
- Hellenic: *pʰorós
  - Ancient Greek: φορός (phorós, “bearing, carrying, tending”)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰārás
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰārás
    - Sanskrit: भार (bhārá-, “bearing, carrying, bringing; bestowing, granting; burden, load, weight”)
  - Iranian: *bāráh
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀‎ (bāra)
    - Old Median: *-βārə́h
*bʰēr-eh₂^[5]
- Germanic: *bērō
*bʰer-h₁dyeh₂^[6]
- Slavic: *berďa (“pregnant”)
*bʰér-ist(H)-o-s^[7]
- Hellenic: *pʰéristos
  - Ancient Greek: φέριστος (phéristos, “strongest-carrying ?”)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰárištʰas
  - Iranian: *bárištah
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀‎ (baⁱrišta, “helping best”, voc.)
*bʰér-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥-mén-s
- Hellenic: *pʰérmə
  - Ancient Greek: φέρμᾰ (phérma, “fruit of the womb/earth”)^[8]
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰárma
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma
    - Sanskrit: भर्मन् (bhárman)
*bʰer-H-men^[9]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic: *bèrmę (“load, burden”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHmā
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā
    - Sanskrit: भरीमन् (bhárīman)
*bʰér-tr-o-m
- Hellenic: *pʰértron
  - Ancient Greek: φέρτρον (phértron), φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter, frame”)^[8]
*bʰer-n-éh₂
- Hellenic: *pʰernā́
  - Ancient Greek: φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”)^[10]
*bʰer-n-yo-m
- Hellenic: *pʰérnyom
  - Ancient Greek: φέρνιον (phérnion, “fish-basket”)^[11]
*bʰer-no-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բեռն (beṙn), -աւոր (-awor)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: bārns (“child”)
  - Latvian: bērns (“child”)
  - Lituanian: bernas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”)
  - Sudovian: barnaj (“children”)
*bʰor-n-eh₂
- Albanian: *barnā^[12]
  - Albanian: barrë (“pregnancy; foetus, child”)
*bʰor-no-m^[13]
- Germanic: *barną (see there for further descendants)
*bʰor-uko-^[14]
- Albanian: *báruka
  - Albanian: bark (“belly, abdomen, womb”)
- Illyrian: *βαρυκα
*bʰr̥-tew-no-
- Italic: *fortūnā
  - Latin: fortūna
*h₂ed-bʰer-^[15]^[16]
- Celtic: *adbertā
  - Old Irish: ad-opair (“(s)he sacrifices”)^[15]^[16]
  - Old Welsh: aperth (“animal sacrifice, offering, prayer”)^[15]^[16]
    - Welsh: aberth
  - Breton: aberzh
- *h₂ed-bʰer-tōr
  - Italic: *adfertōr
    - Umbrian: arsfertur, arsfetur (“priest”)^[15]^[16]
- *h₂ed-bʰer-e-ti
  - Phrygian: αββερετ (abberet)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: bir (“son”)^[17]
- Germanic: *barmaz (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *bringaną^[18] (probably) (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *buriz (“son”)^[19] (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *burþį̄ (see there for further descendants)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: ber̃ždžias, ber̃gždžias (“barren (of a cow)”)
  - Slavic: *bèrďь (“pregnant”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φορεύς (phoreús, “bearer”)^[8]
- Indo-Aryan
  - Sanskrit: भार (bhārá) (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: fordus (“pregnant”)

Extended form *bʰr-ew-

(possibly) *bʰrews- (“belly”)^[20]
- *bʰrews-o-^[21]
  - Balto-Slavic:
    - Slavic: *břȗxo, *břȗxъ (“belly”)^[21] (see there for further descendants)
- *bʰrus-on-^[20]
  - Celtic: *brusū (“belly, abdomen, chest, breast”)^[20] (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
  - Germanic:
    - *breustą (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)
    - *brusts (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

ReferencesEdit

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*burjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) , “forda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 92
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*bērō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
^ Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1974) , “*berdja”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 01, Moscow: Nauka, page 188
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φέριστος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φέρω, -ομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1562–1563
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) , “*bèrmę”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φερνή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φέρνιον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) , “barrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 19
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*barna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) , “bark”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) , “Sacrifice”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 496
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 413
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) , “bir”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 26
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*bringan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*buri-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) , “*bruson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) , “*bŗȗxo; *bŗȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 63

[Ringe_2006-1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*burjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) , “forda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232

[4] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 92

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*bērō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

[6] Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1974) , “*berdja”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 01, Moscow: Nauka, page 188

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φέριστος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562

[Beekes-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φέρω, -ομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1562–1563

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) , “*bèrmę”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φερνή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562

[11] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) , “φέρνιον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562

[12] Orel, Vladimir (1998) , “barrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 19

[13] Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*barna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53

[14] Orel, Vladimir (1998) , “bark”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 18

[EIEC-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) , “Sacrifice”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 496

[Oxford-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 413

[17] Orel, Vladimir (1998) , “bir”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 26

[18] Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*bringan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77

[19] Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “*buri-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85

[EDPC-20] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) , “*bruson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

[EDSIL-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) , “*bŗȗxo; *bŗȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 63

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