Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰwes-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰew-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Seemingly related to *dʰewh₂- (“(to emit) smoke, vapor, mist, haze”), with which there may be confusion in some descendants.

Root edit

*dʰwes-^[1]

to breathe (in or out)
breath
spirit, soul > creature
dust > dusty, murky color^[2]

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰwes-‎ (7 c, 0 e)

*dʰews-óm
- Proto-Germanic: *deuzą (“animal”) (see there for further descendants)
*dʰews-ós
- Proto-Germanic: *deuzaz (“wild, fierce, bold”) (see there for further descendants)
*dʰows-o-s
- >? Proto-Albanian: *dauša (otherwise from *dʰeh₁-l-)
  - Albanian: dash (“ram”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣas,^[3]^[4] *dáuṣāˀ
  - Lithuanian: daũsos f pl (“air; skies; heaven”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *dȗxъ, *dyxъ? (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dūxàti^[5] (or from *duti, from *dʰewh₂-) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *dʰows-yo-
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣjāˀ^[6]
    - Lithuanian: daũsios f pl
    - Proto-Slavic: *dušà (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Proto-Celtic:
    - Gaulish: dusios (“phantasm”)
*dʰwés-(e)-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwéstei^[7]
  - Lithuanian: dvė̃sti (“to breathe (out), exhale, blow, sigh; to breathe one's last, perish”)
  - Latvian: dvèst (“to breathe (heavily), cough”)
>? *dʰus- (zero-grade root present)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic: из-дъшє (iz-dŭše, “to breathe one's last, die”)
>? *dʰus-yé-ti^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: dust
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *duxati (see there for further descendants)
>? *dʰus-h₁yé-ti^[1]
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: dusêt
  - Lithuanian: dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily; to gasp; to sob”); ? dusė́ti (“to cough”)
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *dyšàti (see there for further descendants)
>? *dʰwēs-
- >? Proto-Italic: (initial *f expected)
  - Latin: bēstia (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”)^[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *duskaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: fuscus (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-wós (“dark, black, brown”)^[2]
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: furvus
Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-nos
- Proto-Celtic: *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *dusnaz (“brownish; brown; yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *dustą (“dust”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *dvoxati (analogical formation)^[9] (or from *dʰewh₂-; cf. also *dūxàti)
  - Russian: дво́хать (dvóxatʹ, “to breathe heavily; to gasp; to cough loudly”) (dialectal)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: dùsti (“to run out of breath, pant, gasp for air; to choke, stifle”)
>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *dʰewh₂-)
- Lithuanian: dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:^[10]
- Latvian: dvẽsele (“breath, soul”)
- Lithuanian: dvėselė (“soul; (dial.) strength”)
- Lithuanian: dvasia (“soul”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”)
    - Ashokan Prakrit:
      - Bengali: ধসা (dhośa, “to collapse”)
      - Nepali: धस्नु (dhasnu, “to pierce”)
    - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀁𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhaṃsadi), 𑀥𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhasadi)
      - Gujarati: ધસવું (dhasvũ, “to collapse”)
      - Hindi: धँसना (dhãsnā, “to be submerged, sink drown; to pierce”)
      - Punjabi: ਢਹਿਣਾ (ḍhahiṇā) / ڈھہنا (ḍhahiṇā, “to fall”)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰu̯es- ‘(ein-, aus-)atmen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 160
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “furvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 124
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “dausos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 117–118
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dūxàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 124
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “dausios”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “dvėsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fuscus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dvoxati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 128
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “dvėselė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “dheu-4”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 261–267

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰu̯es- ‘(ein-, aus-)atmen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 160

[De_Vaan_furvus-2] 2.0 ^2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “furvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 124

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015) “dausos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 117–118

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dūxàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 124

[6] Derksen, Rick (2015) “dausios”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117

[7] Derksen, Rick (2015) “dvėsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fuscus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dvoxati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 128

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015) “dvėselė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

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