Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *dwóh₁ ("two") by analogy with *trís ("thrice").

Adverb

*dwís^[1]

twice, doubly
in two

Derived terms

*dis (“in two”)^[2] (possibly dissimilated from *dwís before forms with initial *w-)
- Early Proto-Albanian: *dis-^[3] (borrowing from Latin dis- is also possible)
  - Albanian: s- ~ z- (< *tš < *dš < *diš)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: διά (diá) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: dis-

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *dwis^[4]
- Albanian: dysh
Proto-Germanic: *twis^[5]^[1]
- Middle Low German: twis
- Middle High German: zwis
Proto-Germanic: *twiz- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *dwís
- Ancient Greek: δίς (dís)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwíš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwíṣ
  - Sanskrit: द्विस् (dvís)
- Proto-Iranian: *dwíš
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱 (biš)^[6]
Proto-Italic: *dwis
- Latin: bis

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 1: Einleitung, Terminologie, Lautgesetze, Adverbialendungen, Nominalsuffixe, Anhänge und Indices, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 169
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*dis 'entzwei, auseinander'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 145-147
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 172-173
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “dysh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 80
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*twis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 530
^ Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎^[3], Brill, →ISBN, page 69

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 1: Einleitung, Terminologie, Lautgesetze, Adverbialendungen, Nominalsuffixe, Anhänge und Indices, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 169

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*dis 'entzwei, auseinander'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 145-147

[3] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 172-173

[4] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “dysh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 80

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*twis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 530

[6] Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎^[3], Brill, →ISBN, page 69

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