Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kú

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly from *kʷ- and related to *kʷís (“who? what?”).

Adverb

*kú^[1]

where?

Alternative reconstructions

*kʷu-^[2]^[3]

Derived terms

*kú-dʰe (“where?”) (+ locative suffix *-dʰe)
*kú-h₁ (“where? how?”)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: kū (“what?”), kũ (dialectal)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kúH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: कू (kū, “where?”)
    - ⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: कुविद् (kuvíd, “if, whether”) (+ इद् (íd))
  - Proto-Iranian: *kū^[4]
    - Old Avestan: 𐬐𐬏 (kū, “where?”)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬏 (cū, “how? to what extent?”) (with 𐬗 (c) as in 𐬗𐬍 (cī, “how?”))
    - Northern Kurdish: kû (“where”)
    - Parthian: [script needed] (kw /⁠kū⁠/, “where”)
    - Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠kū⁠/, “where; (so) that”)
      - Persian: کو (ku)

*kw-ó, *kúw-o (“whither?”)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kúwa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: क्व (kvà)
  - Proto-Iranian: *kuwa
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬎𐬎𐬀 (kuua)
    - ⇒ Bactrian: κοαδο (koado), κοοαδο (kooado, “where”)^[5] (+ -δο (-do))
- Proto-Italic: *kʷō
  - Latin: quō

*ku-r
- Proto-Albanian: *kur
  - Albanian: kur (“when”)
- >? Old Armenian: ուր (ur, “where”) (or from *kú-tre or *kú re)
  - Armenian: ուր (ur, “where”)
- Proto-Baltic: *kur
  - Latvian: kùr (“where?”)
  - Lithuanian: kur̃ (“where?”)

Unsorted formations

Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬎𐬚𐬀 (kuθa, “how?”)
Proto-Celtic: *kʷuts (see there for further descendants)
Latin: ut

Descendants

>? Proto-Albanian: *ku
- Albanian: ku (“where”) (or from *kú-dʰe)
Proto-Anatolian: *ku (“where? when?”)
- ⇒ Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠kuššan⁠/, “when?”) (+ /-(š)šan/, from *sóm^[6])
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ku
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ku
  - Sanskrit: कु (ku) (as in कुत्र (kútra, “whereto”))

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 436-442
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kú-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 359
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ut, utī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646
^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “ku-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 404ff.
^ Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2007) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II. Letters and Buddhist texts (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; II), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 224
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “=(š)šan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 718

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 436-442

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kú-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 359

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ut, utī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646

[4] Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “ku-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 404ff.

[5] Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2007) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II. Letters and Buddhist texts (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; II), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 224

[6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “=(š)šan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 718

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