Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swé

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*se,^[1] *s(w)e^[2]^[3]^[4]
*séwe^[5] (emphatic counterpart?)

Etymology

This stem (and its substantive pronoun) was originally a reflexive element referring to all persons and numbers (as in Sanskrit and in Balto-Slavic). Its wider use can still be seen in Homer, when ὅς (hós) means "my own" or "your own" (e.g. Odyssey 11.142, 9.28).

Pronoun

*swé^[6]

self (reflexive pronoun)

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	s-wé ~ se
genitive	sé-we ~ sos (adj.)
ablative	*sw-ét
dative	sébʰi ~ sey, *soy

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	swé ~ se
genitive	séwe ~ soy
dative	sébʰye ~ soy

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	*swé
genitive	séwe ~ soy
dative	sebʰyo, soy
possessive adjective	*swós

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction^[1]
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	s(w)é ~ se
genitive	*sewe
dative	*sebʰyo
poss. adj.	*swós

Derived terms

*swe- (prefix) (see there for further descendants)
? *swésōr
*sew-ó-s (< genitive *séwe; or vriddhi derivative^[6])
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: savs
  - Latgalian: sovs
  - Lithuanian: sãvas
- Proto-Hellenic: *hewós
  - Ancient Greek: ἑός (heós)^[3]
- Proto-Italic: *sowos^[1] (see there for further descendants)
*swéd-yo-s (< ablative *swéd)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hwédios^[7]
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδιος (ídios)
    Argolic Greek: ἵδιος (hídios)
    
    Doric Greek: ϝίδιος (wídios)
*sw-ó-s
- >? Proto-Albanian: *wa^[8]
  - Albanian: u
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swajas
  - Old Prussian: swais
  - Proto-Slavic: *svojь
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós, “his, her, its”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swás (see there for further descendants)
^? *swe-to-s (“belonging to one's own tribe”)^[6] (or with some other *-t- extension^[9])
- >? Proto-Albanian: *swetā
  - Albanian: vetë (“self”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *svatъ
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔτης (étēs)

(possibly) *swó-lo-s
- Proto-Italic: *swolos
  - Latin: sōlus

*swe-sin^[10]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: féin
*swe-de-sin^[10]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: fadesin

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *sibjō (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz
Proto-Germanic: *swainaz
Proto-Germanic: *swihô
Proto-Germanic: *swa (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *swē (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *selbaz
Latgalian: sevim (“detachedly, apartly”)
Latgalian: svõts
Latgalian: svainis
Sanskrit: स्वयम् (svayam)

Descendants

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: իւր (iwr)
  - Armenian: իր (ir)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sin, *sen
- Lithuanian: -s
- Old Prussian: sien (“oneself”)
- Proto-Slavic: *sę (acc.), *sebe (gen.)
Proto-Celtic: *swe (see there for further descendants)^[10]
Proto-Hellenic: *hwe
- Ancient Greek: ἕ (hé),^[3] ἔτης (étēs, abl.)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἑκάς (hekás)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἧλιξ (hêlix)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: σφεῖς (spheîs, “they, them”)
>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-swa (2sg. imperative middle ending)^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: -स्व (-sva)
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Avestan:
    Old Avestan: -𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬁 (-huuā)
    
    Younger Avestan: -𐬤𐬀 (-ŋᵛa)
Proto-Italic: *sē,^[1] *swē, *se (acc.), *sefei (dat.), *sed (abl.)
- Old Latin: sed sg, sēd pl (abl.), sibei sg (dat.)
  - Latin: sē sg (acc.abl.), suī sg (gen.), sibi sg (dat.)

Coordinate terms

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 549
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕ, ἑ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 214, 267
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 416–417
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*su̯e-, 2.*se-, 2.*su- 'selbst; sich (selbst)'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 751-762
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἴδιος of 577-578
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “u”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 482
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔτης”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361