Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*swep-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to sleep

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swep- (64 c, 0 e)

*swép-t ~ *sup-ént (athematic root aorist)^[2] (or originally only middle voice?^[4])
- Proto-Anatolian: *supó
  - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri /⁠šuppāri⁠/, 3sg.pres.mid.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: स्वपन् (svapán, nom.m.sg.aor.ptc.) (Rigvedic; traditionally interpreted as from a present verb)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: स्वपिति (svápiti), स्वपति (svápati) (present verb supplanting Rigvedic सस्ति (sásti, “to sleep”)^[5])
*swép-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *swefaną (see there for further descendants)
*sup-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[2] (or only formed in Proto-Iranian?)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *hufsati, *xʷafsati^[6]
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀 (xᵛafsa, 2sg.impv.)
    - Old Persian:
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (hwps- /⁠xufs-⁠/, present stem of /xuftan/)
        Classical Persian: خسپ (xusp, present stem of (xuftan)) (with metathesis)
    - Yagnobi: [script needed] (ūfs-)
*swop-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[2]^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *swabjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swāpáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swāpáyati
    - Sanskrit: स्वापयति (svāpáyati, “to put to sleep, lull; to put to death”)
? *swṓp-ye-ti (lengthened grade causative)^[2] (the existence of this verbal type is uncertain^[1])
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old Norse: sǿfa (“to kill”) (or from Proto-Germanic *swēbjaną, a secondary causative^[8])
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sōpiō
*se-swóp-e ~ se-sup-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: सुष्वाप (suṣvāpa)
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬀 (hušxᵛafa)
*swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s or *swép-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós^[3]^[9] or *swóp-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós^[7]^[10]^[11]
- *súp-r̥ (generalized zero-grade)^[10]
  - ⇒ *sup-r̥-wént-s^[12]
    - Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-wánt-s
      - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /⁠supparwanz(a)⁠/, “sleepy(?)”)
  - ⇒ *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti^[10]
    - Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti
      - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑𒅀𒉡𒌦 (šu-up-pa-ri-i̯a-nu-un /⁠suppariyanun⁠/, 1sg.pret.act.)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *húpər
    - Ancient Greek: ὕπᾰρ (húpar, “reality”)
- *sup-n-ó-s
  - ⇒ *súp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)^[7]
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      - Proto-Slavic:
        Old Church Slavonic: съниѥ (sŭnije)
    - >? Proto-Tocharian:
      - Tocharian B: sänmetse (“in a trance”)
- *swép-n-o-s
- *swop-n-o-s
  - ⇒ *swóp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)^[7] (cf. *súpni(y)om above)
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      - Lithuanian: sapnỹs (“sleep, dream”)
    - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápniyam
      - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápniyam
        Sanskrit: स्वप्न्यम् (svápnyam, “vision in a dream”)
    - >? Proto-Italic: *swopnjom
      - Latin: somnium (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Armenian:
    - Old Armenian: քուն (kʻun)^[13] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *swepnos
    - Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)
>? *swép-os-^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *swepōs
  - Latin: sopor (alternatively from *swópr̥, or from a root noun)^[1]
*sup-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suptás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suptás
    - Sanskrit: सुप्त (suptá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *huptas, *xʷaptas^[6]
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (xᵛapta)
    - Gilaki: خفت (xuft, past stem)
    - Parthian: [script needed] (xwft /⁠xuft⁠/)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *sъpati (see there for further descendants)
Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬠𐬛𐬀- (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”) (a secondary formation in Avestan^[14])

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: स्वप् (svap)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sopor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 575
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*su̯ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 612
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 675-680
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupp-^(tt)a(ri)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 787
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000) Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, pages 594-595
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 463
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*swep-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 322, 324
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*swēbjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 497
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 299
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparii̯e/a-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 788–789
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “sapnas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389: “*su(e/o)p-r/n-”
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparu̯ant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 789
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 29
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000) Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, page 627

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “su̯ep-, sup-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1048–1049
Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert, →ISBN; sommeil
Alf Torp, "Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok", Oslo 1992 (reprint), →ISBN; Sova, Svevn, Svæv
Gerhard Köbler, Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, (2. Auflage) 2003
Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner

[De_Vaan-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sopor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 575

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*su̯ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 612

[NIL-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 675-680

[Kloekhorst_1-4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupp-^(tt)a(ri)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 787

[5] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000) Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, pages 594-595

[ESIJa-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 463

[M&A-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*swep-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 322, 324

[8] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*swēbjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 497

[Sihler-9] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 299

[Kloekhorst_2-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparii̯e/a-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 788–789

[11] Derksen, Rick (2015) “sapnas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389: “*su(e/o)p-r/n-”

[Kloekhorst_3-12] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparu̯ant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 789

[13] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 29

[14] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000) Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, page 627

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