Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yúHs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Pronoun

*yúHs^[1]^[2]^[3]

you (plural)

Declension

See *túh₂.

Alternative reconstructions

*yúH^[4]
*yū́^[5]
*yu-^[6]

Derived terms

*wóHs^[7] or *wōs^[4] (accusative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōns (with nasal from acc.pl. ending *-ons)
  - Old Prussian: wans
  - Proto-Slavic: *vy (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHs
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬃 (vā̊, enclitic)
- Proto-Italic: *wōs (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *wóHs-yos
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōśjas
    - Proto-Slavic: *vašь (see there for further descendants)
*wos^[7] (oblique, enclitic)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was (see there for further descendants)
*usmé^[7] (accusative; possibly from *us + *mé indicating "you (pl.) with (the others)")
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs), ὔμμες (úmmes), ῡ̔μές (hūmés), οὐμές (oumés)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yušmá (with *y- from nominative)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: युष्मद् (yuṣmad)

Unsorted formations

*wes-teros
- Proto-Celtic: *sweseros
- Proto-Italic: *westeros (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *swīs (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

>? Proto-Albanian: *ju(s)
- Albanian: ju (or from oblique *wos > *wë with added j-^[7])
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)
  - Armenian: ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀs
- Latgalian: jius
- Latvian: jūs
- Lithuanian: jūs
- Old Prussian: ioūs
Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jut (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHš (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *yes^[8] (conflated with oblique stem)
- Tocharian A: yas
- Tocharian B: yes

References

^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 389
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yūyám”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 625
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 234
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57: “yū́ (< **yúy ?)”
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[2], Leiden University
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*u̯ó- 'euch'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 855-860
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

[1] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 389

[2] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417

[3] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yūyám”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 625

[CIEL-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 234

[5] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57: “yū́ (< **yúy ?)”

[6] Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[2], Leiden University

[LIPP_wo-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*u̯ó- 'euch'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 855-860

[8] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

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