Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/qapəju

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian edit

Alternative forms edit

*qapəjuq

Etymology edit

From Proto-Austronesian *qapəjux.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ʔapəɡʲu/, /qapəɡʲu/

Noun edit

*qapəju

gall; gall bladder
bile

Descendants edit

Philippine
- Batanic
  - Yami: apdo
  - Ivatan: apdu
  - Ibatan: apdo
- Northern Luzon
  - Ilocano: apró
  - Northeastern Luzon
    - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ápdu
    - Dupaningan Agta: apdu
    - Paranan: apdu
  - Cagayan Valley
    - Isnag: apdó
    - Ibanagic
      - Ibanag: aggu
      - Gaddangic
        Central Cagayan Agta: adu
        
        Itawit: ádu
        
        Yogad: ádu
  - Meso-Cordilleran
    - Central Cordilleran
      - Ifugao
        Tuwali Ifugao: apgu
      - Bontok–Kankanaey
        Eastern Bontoc: apku
        
        Central Bontoc: akgó
        
        Northern Kankanay: akgo
      - Kalinga–Itneg
        Limos Kalinga: apdu
        
        Madukayang Kalinga: apgu
        
        Butbut Kalinga: apku
        
        Tanudan Kalinga: apku
        
        Lubuagan Kalinga: apchu
    - Southern Cordilleran
      - Pangasinan: apgó
      - Keley-I Kallahan: apgu
      - Karao: apko
  - Arta: apdu
- Umiray Dumaget Agta: apdu
- Central Luzon
  - Sambalic
    - Bolinao: apro
    - Botolan Sambal: aplo
    - Sambali: aplóh
    - Abenlen Ayta: aplo
    - Mag-Anchi Ayta: aplo
    - Mag-Indi Ayta: aplu
- Northern Mindoro
  - Iraya: apro
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: apdó
    - Bikol
      - Bikol Central: apdó
      - Buhi'non Bikol: apro
    - Mansakan
      - Mansaka: apdo
      - Tagakaulu Kalagan: apdu
    - Bisayan
      - Asi
        Asi: ápro
      - Cebu
        Cebuano: apdo
      - West
        Aklanon: ápdoh
        
        Kinaray-a: apdo
      - Central
        Hiligaynon: ápdo
        
        Masbatenyo: ápdo
        
        Waray-Waray: apdó
        
        Romblomanon: 'apdu
      - South
        Tausug: apdu
  - Manobo
    - Agusan Manobo: apo'du
    - Dibabawon Manobo: apodu
    - Western Bukidnon Manobo: epezu
    - Ata Manobo: aporu
    - Obo Manobo: 'opoddu'
  - Palawanic
    - Brooke's Point Palawano: epdu
    - Aborlan Tagbanwa: apdu
    - Central Tagbanwa: ᝠᝩᝧᝳ (apdo)
  - Subanen
    - Central Subanen: pedu
    - Western Subanon: podu
  - Danao
    - Maranao: pedo
    - Maguindanao: pedu
  - South Mangyan
    - Hanunoo: apdú
  - Gorontalo–Mongondow
    - Gorontalo: polu
    - Mongondow: opoyu
- Kalamian
  - Agutaynen: apdo
  - Calamian Tagbanwa: apdu
- South Mindanao
  - Tiruray: fedew
  - Tboli: hedun
- Sangiric: *pədu
  - Sangir: pedu
- Minahasan: *apədu
  - Tonsawang: awedu
  - Tontemboan: aperu
  - Tombulu: apezuh
Sama–Bajaw
- Central Sama: pꞌddu
- Southern Sama: puddu
- Mapun: paddu
- Yakan: peddu
Basap–Barito
- Basap: pedu
- East Barito
  - Dusun Witu: peru
  - Ma'anyan: aperu
  - Malagasy: afero
- Mahakam
  - Tunjung: poruʔ
- West Barito
  - Ngaju: peru
  - >? Bakumpai: empedu
North Bornean
- Southwest Sabahan
  - Dusunic
    - Central Dusun: tompodu
    - Tobilung: tompodus
    - Rungus: ompodus
  - Murutic
    - Burusu: ampadu
  - Paitanic
    - Tombonuo: ompodu
- North Sarawakan
  - Bintulu: ləpəɗəw
  - Berawan–Lower Baram
    - Kiput: pəsəuʔ
    - Narom: petew
  - Dayic
    - Lun Bawang: pesuh
    - Kelabit: pedtuh
  - Kenyah: *pədʰu-n
    - Penan
      - Eastern Penan: petuh, pedun
      - Western Penan: petuh, pedun
- Central Sarawakan
  - Melanau–Kajang
    - Melanau
      - Central Melanau: pedou
      - Kanowit: pədəw
    - Kajang
      - Sekapan: pərəw
      - Kajaman: pərəw
      - Lahanan: pərəw
  - Punan–Müller-Schwaner
    - Punan
      - Punan Bah-Biau: laporu
      - Punan Tubu: perun
      - Punan Aput: parun
      - Bukitan: parun
      - Ukit: parun
    - Müller-Schwaner Punan
      - Hovongan: porun
      - Kereho: porun
      - Aoheng: porun
Kayanic
- Kayan–Murik
  - Kayan
    - Busang Kayan: pərun
    - Bahau: pəruːn
  - Murik–Merap
    - Murik (Malaysia): pərun
    - Punan Merap: prəwŋʷ
- Segai–Modang
  - Segai: ploə̯n~plɒn
  - Modang: pəloʔ
Land Dayak: *padu
- Benyadu–Bekati'
  - Benyadu': lampadu
  - Bekati': sampadṵː
- Bidayuh
  - Bau Bidayuh: pudun
  - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: mpuduh
- Southern Land Dayak
  - Jangkang: pudo
  - Ribun: puduh
  - Sanggau: mpudo̤
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
- Batak
  - Northern
    - Dairi Batak: peggu
    - Karo Batak: pegu
  - Southern
    - Simalungun Batak: pogu
    - Toba Batak: pogu
    - Angkola Batak: pogu
    - Mandailing Batak: pogu
- Gayo: pau
- Nias: awökhu
- Simeulue: areu
- Mentawai: lappegu
Rejang: pegau
Lampungic
- Lampung Api: hampedu, hamperu
- Komering: haporu
Malayo-Sumbawan
- Malayic: *hAmpədu
  - Ibanic
    - Iban: empedu
    - Mualang: əmpədú
    - Seberuang: mpədu
  - Malayan
    - Malay: hempedu
      - Indonesian: empedu
    - Minangkabau: ampedu
- Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
  - Balinese: ᬅᬫ᭄ᬧ᭄ᬭᬸ (ampru)
  - Sasak: pepeduq
  - Sumbawa: pedu
- Sundanese: hamperu
Old Javanese: (h)amp(ĕ)ru
- Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦸ (peru)
South Sulawesi: *pɨzzu
- Buginese: essu'/essung
- Seko: *pùru
  - Seko Tengah: pa'du
  - Budong-Budong: pàdu
  - Panasuan: pàru
- Northern
  - Toraja-Sa'dan: pa'du
  - Tae': pa'du
  - Duri: paqdu
Celebic
- Saluan–Banggai
  - Balantak: opoyu'
  - Taliabu: n-oyu-ñ
- Kaili–Pamona
  - Uma: poju
  - Pamona: apoju
- Tomini–Tolitoli
  - Tajio: opoyu
Central Malayo-Polynesian
- Bima: folu
- Sumba–Flores
  - Sumba–Hawu
    - Sabu: eɗu
    - Kambera: ka-pídu
  - Western Flores
    - Manggarai–Rembong
      - Komodo: peru
      - Manggarai: pesu
    - Central Flores
      - Ngadha: pedu
      - Li'o: peyu
- Flores–Lembata
  - Kedang: peyun
- Kei–Tanimbar
  - Fordata: felurn-
- Timoric
  - South–East Timor
    - Leti (Indonesia): eru
    - Luang: eri
  - West Timor
    - Bilba: hedu
  - Tetumic
    - Tetum: horun
- Central Maluku
  - Nunusaku
    - Patakai–Manusela
      - Manusela: wolu
    - Piru Bay
      - Seit-Kaitetu: werun
      - Asilulu: welu
      - Boano (Maluku): n-enu

References edit

Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussell, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *qapejux.