Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaśar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic edit

**Proto-Semitic numbers ^(edit)**
← 1	← 9	10	100 →	1,000 →
		1
Cardinal: *ʕaśar-

Numeral edit

*ʕaśar-

ten

Usage notes edit

This number exhibited chiastic concord (gender polarity), in which masculine forms were used to agree with feminine nouns, and feminine forms with masculine nouns.

Inflection edit

Declension of *ʕaśar-

Case	m	f
Nominative	*ʕaśarum	*ʕaśaratum
Genitive	*ʕaśarim	*ʕaśaratim
Accusative	*ʕaśaram	*ʕaśaratam

Descendants edit

From *ʕaśar-um (nominative absolute)

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌋 f (ešerum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشْر f (ʕašr), عُشَار (ʕušār)
    - Maltese: għaxar
    - → Bengali: আসর (aśor)
  - Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśrum f^[1]
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓 f (ʕšr /⁠ʕaśar⁠/)^[2]
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓 f (ʿsr /⁠ʿasar⁠/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܣܲܪ f (ʕsar)
      - Turoyo: ܥܣܰܪ f (csar)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܶܥܣܰܪܐ f (ʔeʕsar)
    - Canaanite:
      - Biblical Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר f (ʿéśer)^[1]
        Israeli Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר f (éser)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓ f (ʕšr /⁠ʔešer⁠/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤎𐤓 f (ʿsr)^[3]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓 f (ʿšr)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗 f (ʿšr /⁠ʿašru⁠/)^[4]
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Sabaean: 𐩲𐩦𐩧𐩣 f (ʕs₂rm /⁠ʕas₂arum⁠/)^[5]
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዐሥሩ f (ʿäśru)
  - Tigre: ዐስር f (ʿäsr)

From *ʕaśar-at-um (nominative absolute)

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌋 m (ešertum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشَرَة m (ʕašara)
    - Egyptian Arabic: عشرة (ʕašaṛa)
    - Maltese: għaxra
    - Moroccan Arabic: عشرة (ʕašra)
  - Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśaratum m^[1]
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓𐡄 m (ʿšrh /⁠ʕaśarah⁠/)
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓𐡄 m (ʿsrh /⁠ʕasrā⁠/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܸܣܪܵܐ m (ʕesrɑ)
      - Turoyo: ܥܰܣܪܳܐ m (casro)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܥܰܣܪܰܐ m (ʕasra)
    - Canaanite: *ʕaśarat
      - Biblical Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה m (ʿăśārâ)^[1]
        Israeli Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה m (asará)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓࠄ m (ʕšrh /⁠ʔašara⁠/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿasarat⁠/, “𐤏𐤎𐤓𐤕”)^[3]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕 m (ʿšrt)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗𐎚 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿašratu⁠/)^[4]
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዐሠርቱ m (ʿäśärtu)
  - Tigrinya: ዓሰርተ m (ʿasärtä)

References edit

Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 61

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Benjamin D. Suchard (2019) “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎^[1], Brill, →ISBN, page 243
^ The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎^[2], The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019) “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎^[3], 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Miller Prosser (2017) “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎^[4], University of Chicago, Lesson 5
^ Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020) “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎^[5], page 36

[Suchard2019-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Benjamin D. Suchard (2019) “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎^[1], Brill, →ISBN, page 243

[CAL-2] The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎^[2], The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak

[Canaan-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019) “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎^[3], 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529

[IUG-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Miller Prosser (2017) “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎^[4], University of Chicago, Lesson 5

[5] Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020) “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎^[5], page 36

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]