Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъkъ
Proto-SlavicEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property.
SuffixEdit
*-ъkъ m
- Forms diminutives from old u-stem nouns
- Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)
- *pętъ (“fifth”) → *pętъkъ (“Friday”)
- *četvьrtъ (“fourth”) → *četvьrtъkъ (“Thursday”)
- *pǫtevъ (“path-related”) → *pǫtъkъ (“footwear, shoe for walking”)
- *bělъ (“white”) → *bělъkъ (“albumen”)
- *žьltъ (“yellow”) → *žьltъkъ (“yolk”)
- *okrǫžьnъ (“circumferential”) → *krǫžьkъ (“circle, shape with circular form”)
- Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from
- *pěsъkъ (“sand”)
- Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action
- Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action
- *pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)
- *do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)
- Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action
- Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er
- From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action
DeclensionEdit
Declension of *-ъkъ (hard o-stem)
Etymology 2Edit
Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).
In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).
SuffixEdit
*-ъkъ
- From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y
- *kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)
- *nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)
- *slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)
- *goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)
- *tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)
- Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)
- (Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets
Alternative formsEdit
- *-ьkъ (when attached to yu-stems or spread from the ancient comparative in *-jьš-)
DeclensionEdit
Indefinite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъko |
Accusative | *-ъkъ | *-ъkǫ | *-ъko |
Genitive | *-ъka | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Locative | *-ъcě | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Dative | *-ъku | *-ъcě | *-ъku |
Instrumental | *-ъkomь | *-ъkojǫ | *-ъkomь |
Vocative | *-ъče | *-ъko | *-ъko |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Accusative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Genitive | *-ъku | *-ъku | *-ъku |
Locative | *-ъku | *-ъku | *-ъku |
Dative | *-ъkoma | *-ъkama | *-ъkoma |
Instrumental | *-ъkoma | *-ъkama | *-ъkoma |
Vocative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъci | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Accusative | *-ъky | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Genitive | *-ъkъ | *-ъkъ | *-ъkъ |
Locative | *-ъcěxъ | *-ъkaxъ | *-ъcěxъ |
Dative | *-ъkomъ | *-ъkamъ | *-ъkomъ |
Instrumental | *-ъky | *-ъkami | *-ъky |
Vocative | *-ъci | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Definite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkaja | *-ъkoje |
Accusative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkǫjǫ | *-ъkoje |
Genitive | *-ъkajego | *-ъkyję | *-ъkajego |
Locative | *-ъcějemь | *-ъcěji | *-ъcějemь |
Dative | *-ъkujemu | *-ъcěji | *-ъkujemu |
Instrumental | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkǫjǫ | *-ъkyjimi |
Vocative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkaja | *-ъkoje |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
Accusative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
Genitive | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju |
Locative | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju |
Dative | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima |
Instrumental | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima |
Vocative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъciji | *-ъkyję | *-ъkaja |
Accusative | *-ъkyję | *-ъkyję | *-ъkaja |
Genitive | *-ъkъjixъ | *-ъkъjixъ | *-ъkъjixъ |
Locative | *-ъkyjixъ | *-ъkyjixъ | *-ъkyjixъ |
Dative | *-ъkyjimъ | *-ъkyjimъ | *-ъkyjimъ |
Instrumental | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkyjimi |
Vocative | *-ъciji | *-ъkyję | *-ъkaja |
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
ReferencesEdit
- Šekli, Matej (2012) , “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies[1] (in Slovene), volume 10, issue 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
- Halla-aho, Jussi (2006) Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology: On the Basis of Old Church Slavic (Slavica Helsingiensia; 26)[2], Helsinki: University of Helsinki, page 100