Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kroma

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krem-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Akin to German Schramme (“scratch”), possibly Ancient Greek κρημνός (krēmnós, “river bank”).

Noun

*krōmà f

1. edge, boundary
2. slice

Usage notes

In a number of daughter languages, the locative case *kromě is used as a preposition with meaning except, but.

Alternative forms

• *kromъ m

Inflection

Declension of *kromà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kromà	*kròmě	*kromỳ
genitive	*kromỳ	*kromù	*kròmъ
dative	*kromě̀	*kromàma	*kromàmъ
accusative	*kromǫ̀	*kròmě	*kromỳ
instrumental	*kromòjǫ, *kròmǫ**	*kromàma	*kromàmī
locative	*kromě̀	*kromù	*kromàsъ, *kromàxъ*
vocative	*kromo	*kròmě	*kromỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *kromъka (diminutive)
• *sъkromъ (“restricted”)
  • *sъkromьnъ (“humble, modest”)

Related terms

• *kremy (“flint”)
• *kъrnъ (“cut, scared”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: кромъ m (kromŭ)
    • ⇒ Belarusian: акро́м (akróm), акрамя́ (akramjá)
    • ⇒ Carpathian Rusyn: крум (krum), кроми (kromy)
  • Russian: крома́ (kromá, “barrier”) (dialectal)
    • ⇒ Russian: кро́мка (krómka) (diminutive)
    • ⇒ Russian: кро́ме (króme), окро́ме (okróme), окромя́ (okromjá)
  • Ukrainian: кро́ма (króma, “barrier”)
    • ⇒ Ukrainian: крім (krim), окрі́м (okrím)
• South Slavic:
  • ⇒ Old Church Slavonic: кромѣ (kromě)
  • ⇒ Bulgarian: кроме (krome) (dated)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    ⇒ Cyrillic script: кроме, кромје

    ⇒ Latin script: krome, kromje

• West Slavic:
  • ⇒ Czech: krom, kromě
  • Polish: kroma (“slice of bread”)
    • ⇒ Polish: kromka (diminutive)
    • ⇒ Polish: krom, okrom
  • Slovincian: króma
  • Slovak: krom, krem (dated)
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: kroma (“end”)
    • Lower Sorbian: kšoma (“end”)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “крома”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kroma/*kromъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 185
• Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “скром”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 802
• крома in Горох.ua