User:Gnosandes/Nakh
- Ingrian bömböräin (“dung beetle”) [Nirvi 1971: 26] ~ Proto-Nakh *bumbur (“beetle”)
- Estonian hoome > homme (“tomorrow”) [Kallio 2021: 133] ~ Bats ა̄სე̆ (āsĕ) (resp. aasĕ) [Kadagidze 1984: 44] > ასსე̆ (assĕ, “calf”) [Imnajshvili 1977: 61, 119]
- Salaca Livonian suiz (“wolf”) < *suⁱźi < *suźi < *suci [Kallio 2016: 54] ~ nom. pl. Bats ჺანაჲრ (ʿanayr, “steam”) (resp. ʕanair) < *ʕanaⁱri < *ʕanari
- Salaca Livonian toiz (“truth”) < *toⁱźi < *toźi < *toci [Kallio 2016: 54] ~ Bats მაჲჴი̆ (mayqĭ, “bread”) (resp. maiqĭ) < *maⁱqi < nom. sg. *maqi < obl. *maaq-i-
Revised
- Proto-Nakh *gaazaᶰ (“goat”) | *gāʒa(-n) [S&N 1994], *gāʒa [Bjørn 2017] (*z = *ʒ)
- Proto-Nakh *eepu (“hamster, gopher”) | *epu [Schrijver 2021]
- Proto-Nakh *maaCx (“sun”) | *mālχ [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *jaaCx (“six”) | *jalχ (~ -ā-) [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *naCxa (“butter”) | *nalχ[o] [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *aalxazur (“eagle; bird”) | *ʔālχVʒur [S&N 1994], *ʔaːlxaʒur [Starostin Jr. 2011]
- Proto-Nakh *bumbur (“beetle”) | *bumba-r- (~ -ū-) [S&N 1994], *bumbor-oj [Mudrak 2018]
- Proto-Nakh *maars (“sickle”) | *mārs [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *naars (“cucumber”) | *nārs [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *laam (“mountain”) | *lām [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *laači (“falcon”) | *laːči [Schrijver 2021]
- Proto-Nakh *niṭṭ (“nettle”) | *n(ɦ)iṭṭ (~ -ī-) [S&N 1994]
- Proto-Nakh *nace (“moth”) | *naci [S&N 1994], *nace [Schrijver 2021]
- Proto-Nakh *ʕe (“steam”) | *ʡe [S&N 1994], *ʕi [Schrijver 2021]
- Proto-Nakh *maašu (“partridge”) | *māšu [S&N 1994], *maːšu [Schrijver 2021]
- Proto-Nakh *ʁoodaʁa (“haunch”) | *ʁōʁ [S&N 1994], *ghoodagh [Nichols 2004]
- Proto-Nakh *ħaadu (“brain”) | *ħadV (~ -ā-) [S&N 1994], *hwaad-u- [Nichols 2004]
Dialects [:1944: is a date, as an indication of the place of residence after the deportation of the Nakh peoples to Central Asia and Siberia (except for the Kist people and Bats people).]
- Nakh
- Vainakh [Initially, it includes three separate idioms, two of which (Chechen and Ingush) formed into two separate languages during the Soviet period, the third functions as dialects of the first or second.]
- Chechen
- Galanchozh
- Ingush
- Bats
- Vainakh [Initially, it includes three separate idioms, two of which (Chechen and Ingush) formed into two separate languages during the Soviet period, the third functions as dialects of the first or second.]
Sommerfelt's Ambiguity
- Starostin & Nikolaev (+ Nichols)
- *rx > Chechen rx, Ingush rx, Akkin rx, Bats rx
- *lx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats tx (but *aalxazur > -lx- in all)
- Sommerfelt (+ Schrijver)
- *rx > Chechen rx, Ingush rx, Akkin rx, Bats rx
- *tx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats tx
- My ❤
- *rx > Chechen rx, Ingush rx, Akkin rx, Bats rx
- *Cx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats tx
- *Cx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats ? (+ Arabic مَرْهَم (marham))
- *lx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin lx, Bats lx
Revision of the laryngeal system
-
Chechen loomu; Bats lamu, lamun, lamũ, lamuv
Nominative Singular
- loam-Ø ≮ *laam-Ø
Genitive Singular
- loam-a < loam-ã < *loam-ũ < *laam-ũ < *laam-u-ᶰ
Ergative Singular
- loam-uo < *loam-u-w < *laam-u-w
Dative Singular
- loam-aa < loam-a-a < *loam-a-na < *loam-u-na < *laam-u-na
Instrumental Singular
- loam-a-ca < *loam-u-ci < *laam-u-ci [> *laam-i-ci > *leam-i-ci ?]
Comparison Singular
- loam-a-l < *loam-u-l < *laam-u-l
Allative Singular
- loam-a-ga < *loam-u-go < *laam-u-go
Lative Singular
- loam-a-x < *loam-u-x < *laam-u-x
- Ingush all.sg. loam-a-ga > nom.pl. loam-a-š [> (voicing) loam-a-ž] + all.sg. -ga > all.pl. loam-a-š-ga > (assimilation) loam-a-š-ka > (alignment) loam-a-ž-ka > loamažka (лоам)
| Case | Gloss | Chechen (sg.) | Ingush (sg.) | Bats (sg.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | nom | -Ø | -Ø | -Ø |
| Genitive | gen | -n ⟨-н⟩ | -a ⟨-а⟩, -n ⟨-н⟩ | -Ṽ ⟨-ნ⟩ |
| Ergative | erg | -uo ⟨-о⟩, -s ⟨-с⟩ | -uo ⟨-о⟩, -z ⟨-з⟩ | -v ⟨-ვ⟩, -s ⟨-ს⟩ |
| Dative | dat | -na ⟨-на⟩ | -na ⟨-на⟩, -aa ⟨-а⟩ | -n ⟨-ნ⟩ |
| Case | Gloss | Chechen (sg.) | Ingush (sg.) | Bats (sg.) | Proto-Nakh (sg.) | Chechen model 1888 (sg.) | Chebarloish dialect (sg.) | Proto-Nakh (sg.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | nom | butt | butt | butt | *butt | butt | -Ø | *butt |
| Genitive | gen | bett-ã | bett-a | batt-ĩ | *batt-i-ᶰ | bett-ĩ | -ĩ | *batt-i-ᶰ |
| Ergative | erg | batt-uo | bett-uo | batt-a-v | *batt-a-w | batt-uō | -uo | *batt-a-w |
| Dative | dat | batt-a-na | bett-aa | batt-a-n | *batt-a-nV | batt-a-na | -na | *batt-a-na |
- *ebc̣aᶰ (v.) ~ *dašeb (n.) ~ *ṭateb (n.)
- Ch. ийза, In. овза, Ba. ebc̣ã ~ Ch. деши, In. дошув ~ Ch. дети, In. дотув, Ba. ṭateb
References edit
Bats edit
- Schiefner, Anton (1856) Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache oder die khistische Mundart in Thuschetien (in German), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences
- Črelašvili, K. T. (2007) G. A. Xaluxajev, editor, Цова-тушинский (бацбийский) язык [The Tsova-Tush (Bats) language][1] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka
- Holisky, Dee Ann, Gagua, Rusudan (1994) Rieks Smeets, editor, Tsova-Tush (Batsbi) (The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus; 4), Delmar, New York: Caravan Books
- Kadagiʒe, Davit, Kadagiʒe, Niḳo (1984) “Gnosandes/Nakh”, in Arn. Čikobava, editor, C̣ova-tušur-kartul-rusuli leksiḳoni / Цова-тушинско–грузинско–русский словарь [A Tsova-Tush–Georgian–Russian Dictionary][2], prepared for publication by Rusudan Gagua, Tbilisi: Academy Press
- Desheriev, Yunus D. (1967) “Бацбийский язык [Bats language]”, in Иберийско-кавказские языки [Iberian-Caucasian languages] (Языки народов СССР), volume 4, Moscow: Science
- Дешериев, Ю. Д. (1953) Б. А. Серебренников, editor, Бацбийский язык: Фонетика, морфология, синтаксис, лексика [The Bats language: Phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary][3] (in Russian), Leningrad: Academy Press
- Ḳaḳašvili, Diana (2022) “Gnosandes/Nakh”, in C̣ovatušur-kartuli leksiḳoni [Bats-Georgian dictionary] (Ḳavḳasiur-kartuli leksiḳonebi; II), Tbilisi
Chechen edit
- Arsakhanov, Israil (1959) Аккинский диалект в системе чечено-ингушского языка [Akkin dialect in the system of the Chechen-Ingush language] (in Russian), Grozny: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House
- Arsakhanov, Israil (1969) Чеченская диалектология [Chechen dialectology] (in Russian), Grozny: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House
- Uslar, Peter von (1888) Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. II. Чеченский язык (in Russian), Tiflis: Printing house of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the civil unit in the Caucasus
- Matsiev, Akhmat G. (1961) Чеченско-русский словарь / Нохчийн-оьрсийн словарь [Chechen-Russian dictionary] (in Russian), Moscow: State Publishing House of Foreign and Ethnicity Dictionaries
- Matsiev, Akhmat G. (1927) Чеченско-русский словарь / Нохчийн-оьрсийн словарь (in Russian), Grozny: Typographic-literary publishing house of the newspaper “Serlo”, Krainatsizdat
- Malsagov, Zaurbek K. (1936) Известия Чечено-Ингушского Научно-Исследовательского Института: Очерк аккинского (ауховского) языка [The News of the Chechen-Ingush Research Institute: A sketch of the Akkin language] (in Russian), volume 1 (4), Grozny: Printing house of the Chechen-Ingush Research Institute
- Karasaev, Aisash T., et al. (1978) Русско-чеченский словарь / Оьрсийн-нохчийн словарь [Russian-Chechen dictionary] (in Russian), Moscow: Russian language
- Dotton, Zura, Wagner, John D. (2017) A Grammar of Chechen[4], Durham, North Carolina: Duke University
- Matsiev, Akhmat G. (1929) Самоучитель чеченского языка [Self-teaching book of the Chechen language], Grozny: Typographic-literary publishing house of the newspaper “Serlo”, Krainatsizdat
- Timaev, Apti D. (1966) Шатойский говор горного диалекта чеченского языка в сравнении с плоскостным диалектом и итумкалинским говором, Tbilisi: Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR
- Desheriev, Yunus D. (1967) “Чеченский язык [Chechen language]”, in Иберийско-кавказские языки [Iberian-Caucasian languages] (Языки народов СССР), volume 4, Moscow: Science
- Schiefner, Anton (1864) Tschetschenzische Studien (in German), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences
- Nichols, Johanna, Vagapov, Arbi (2004) “Gnosandes/Nakh”, in Chechen–English and English–Chechen Dictionary, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon
Ingush edit
- Malʹsagov, Zaurbek K. (1963) Грамматика ингушского языка [Grammar of the Ingush language][5] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Grozny: Chechen-Ingush book publishing house
- Nichols, Johanna B. (2011) Ingush Grammar[6], volume 143, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN
- Mutalijev, Xadži-Bekir Šovxalovič (1941) Эрсий-гӏалгӏай словарь юххьерча школенна / Русско-ингушский словарь для начальной школы [Russian-Ingush dictionary for elementary school] (overall work in Ingush and Russian), Grozny: Chechingosizdat
- Kurkijev, A. S. (2005) “Nakh”, in Ингушско-русский словарь [Ingush–Russian Dictionary], Magas: Serdalo
- Dolakova, Raisa I. (1967) “Ингушский язык [Ingush language]”, in Иберийско-кавказские языки [Iberian-Caucasian languages] (Языки народов СССР), volume 4, Moscow: Science
- Nichols, Johanna B. (2004) “Gnosandes/Nakh”, in Ingush–English and English–Ingush Dictionary, London and New York: Routledge
- Genko, Anatolii N. (1930) “Из культурного прошлого ингушей [From the cultural past of the Ingush]”, in Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее АН СССР, volume V, Leningrad, pages 681–761
- Bekova, A. I., Dudarov, U. B., Ilijeva, F. M., Malʹsagova, L. D., Tarijeva, L. U. (2009) “Gnosandes/Nakh”, in Ingušsko-russkij slovarʹ [Ingush–Russian Dictionary], Nalchik: Ingušskij NII GN
- Ozdoev, Ibragim A. (1980) Русско-ингушский словарь [Russian-Ingush dictionary][7] (in Russian), Moscow: Russian languge
General edit
- Aliroev, Ibragim Ju. (1975) Сравнительно-сопоставительный словарь отраслевой лексики чеченского и ингушского языков и диалектов [Comparative-Contrastive Dictionary of the Branch Lexicon of the Chechen and Ingush Languages and Dialects] (in Russian), Makhachkala: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House
- Imnajšvili, David S. (1977) Историко-сравнительный анализ фонетики нахских языков / ნახური ჯგუფის ენათა ფონეტიკის ისტორიულ-შედარებითი ანალიზი [Historical and comparative analysis of the phonetics of the Nakh languages] (in Russian), Tbilisi: Academy Press
- Macijev, A. G., Ozdojev, I. A., Džamalxanov, Z. D. (1962) Нохчийн-гӏалгӏайн-оьрсийн словарь / Чеченско-ингушско-русский словарь [Chechen–Ingush–Russian dictionary] (in Russian), Grozny: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House
- Desheriev, Yunus D. (1963) Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахских языков и проблемы происхождения и исторического развития горских кавказских народов [Comparative-historical grammar of the Nakh languages and the problems of the origin and historical development of the mountain Caucasian peoples] (in Russian), Grozny: Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House
- Klimov, G. A., Xalilov, M. Š. (2003) Словарь кавказских языков. Сопоставление основной лексики [Dictionary of Caucasian Languages. A comparison of the Basic Vocabulary] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, →ISBN
- Alirojev, Ibragim Ju. (2001) Флора и фауна Чечни и Ингушетии [The Flora and the Fauna of Chechnya and Ingushetia], Moscow: Academia, →ISBN
- Schrijver, Peter (2021) “A history of the vowel systems of the Nakh languages (East Caucasian), with special reference to umlaut in Chechen and Ingush”, in Languages of the Caucasus[8], volume 5, , →ISSN
- Bjørn, Rasmus (2017) Foreign elements in the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. A comparative loanword study[9], Master's thesis, University of Copenhagen
- Klaproth, Jules (1823) Voyage au mont Caucase et en Georgie (in French), volume II, Paris
- Старчевский, А. В. (1891) Кавказский толмач (Переводчик с русского на главнейшие кавказские языки) (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Тип. И.Н. Скороходова