User:KaraWSR/Japanese Korean Cognates
This is a list of possible cognates between Korean and Japanese, words that exist in both languages that may descend from a common ancestor. [1]
| Japanese word | Korean Word | Meaning | Middle Korean | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鷺 (sagi) | 새 (sae) | Heron(J) / Bird(K) | 새〯 (sǎy) | Japanese sagi is used as a suffix in many other bird names (see kasasagi ("magpie")) |
| 鳥 (tori) | 닭 (dak) | Bird(J) / Chicken(K) | ᄃᆞᆰ (tòlk) | possibly related to Mongolian тахиа (taxia) , Khitan 𘰺𘯛𘯺 (t.qo.a) and Proto-Turkic *tiakïgu |
| 鴇 (toki) | 따오기 (ttaogi) | Ibis | 다와기〮 (tàwàkí) | Spontaneous gemination of the initial consonant is a recurrent phenomenon in Modern Korean, motivated by sound-symbolic effects. |
| 鵲 (kasasagi) | 까치 (kkachi) | Magpie | 가〯치〮 (kǎchí) | Spontaneous gemination of the initial consonant is a recurrent phenomenon in Modern Korean. In kasasagi, kasa likely comes from 가〯치〮, and sagi as an identifier for birds. |
| 熊 (kuma) | 곰 (gom) | Bear | 곰〯 (kwǒm) | from earlier 고마〮 (Yale: *kwòmá), which survived into Middle Korean in the place name 고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Yale: Kwòmánòlò) |
| 猫 (neko) | 고양이 (goyang'i) | Cat | 괴〯 (kwǒy) | The initial syllable of Old Japanese nekwo is onomatopoeic (nya ‘meow’). 괴〯 is likely from < *ko + -이 (diminutive animal suffix) |
| 畑 (hatake) | 밭 (bat) | Cropfield | 밭 (pǎth) | Old Japanese patakwo ‘farmer’ points to pata as ‘field,’ which shows that patake is almost certainly pata + some morpheme *ke (a suffix that is difficult to identify). |
| 火 (hi) | 불 (bul) | Fire | 불 (pul) | From Proto-Japonic *poy. Apophonic form of ho (see below), possibly by fusion with emphatic particle い (i). Compare the development of 木 (ko → kwi → ki, “tree”). |
| 日 (hi) | 해 (hae) | Sun | ᄒᆡ〮 (hóy) | |
| 立つ (tatsu) | 돋다 (dotda) | Stand(J) / Rise(K) | 돋다 (twot.ta) | |
| 日立 (hitachi) | 해돋이 (haedoji) | Sunrise | ᄒᆡ〮돋이 (hóy-twòtí) | |
| 朝 (asa) | 아침 (achim) | Morning | 아ᄎᆞᆷ〮 (àchóm) | asa could be a later Koreanic borrowing into Japanese, as Vovin identifies 夙めて (tsutomete) as the native Japonic root for "morning" (Vovin 2010, p. 224). |
| 朝日 (asahi) | 아침해 (achimhae) | Morning Sun | 아ᄎᆞᆷ〮ᄒᆡ〮 (àchóm-hóy) | |
| 蟹 (kani) | 게 (ge) | Crab | 게〯 (kěy) | Middle Korean rising pitch implies an earlier bisyllabic form. Consider also Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "ko-nw" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. and Jeju 깅이 (ging'i, “crab”). |
| 蛇 (hebi) | 뱀 (baem) | Snake | ᄇᆡ얌 (poyyam) | hebi from Old Japanese ⟨pe2mi1⟩ |
| 島 (shima) | 섬 (seom) | Island | 셤〯 (syěm) | Compare with Baekje 斯麻 (*syema, “island”). |
| 黙る (damaru) | 다물다 (damulda) | Shut up | 다믈다 (tamulta). | |
| 村 (mura) 群れ (mure) | 무리 (muri) | Group | 물 (mwul) | |
| 鶴 (tsuru) | 두루미 (durumi) | Crane | 두〮루〮미〮 (twúlwúmí) | |
| 草 (kusa) | 꽃 (kkot) | Grass(J) / Flower(K) | 곶 (kwòc) | From perhaps Proto-Koreanic *kwoco to explain the unusual low pitch on a monosyllabic noun |
| 釜 (kama) | 가마 (gama) | Cauldron | 가마 (kama) | |
| 下りる (oriru) | 내리다 (naerida) | Go down | ᄂᆞ리〮다〮 (nòlí-tá) | |
| 溜まる (tamaru) | 담다 (damda) | Store | 담〯다〮 (tǎm-tá). | |
| 麻 (asa) | 삼 (sam) | Hemp | 삼〮 (sám). | |
| 瓜 (uri) | 오이 (oi) | Melon | 외〯 (wǒy) | |
| 芋 (imo) | 마 (ma) | Yam | 맣〮 (máh) | |
| 早稲 (wase) | 쌀 (ssal) | Early Harvest(J) / Rice(K) | ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: psól). | p- is still preserved in many compounds where 쌀 is the second element, such as 멥쌀 (mepssal) and 찹쌀 (chapssal). |
| 粢 (shitogi) | 떡 (tteok) | Sacrificial Cake(J) / Rice Cake(K) | ᄯᅥᆨ〮 (sték) | |
| 海神 (watatsumi) | 바다 (bada) | God of the Sea(J) / Sea(K) | 바닿〮 (pàtáh) | Pre-Middle Korean *바닥〮 (Yale: *pàták), The */-k/ may be the remnant of an archaic place suffix, which leaves *바다〮 (Yale: *pàtá) as the etymological root. Modern japanese umi likely comes from 御水 (omizu) |
| 下 (shita) | 땅 (ttang) | Down(J) / Earth(K) | ᄯᅡᇂ〮 (stáh) | From pre-Middle Korean *s(ò)ták. The modern form, first attested in the seventeenth century, is not directly descended from Seoul Middle Korean but from an unattested dialectal form in which the final velar was nasalized to *s(ò)táng. |
| 沼 (numa) | 늪 (neup) | Swamp | 눕 (nwup) | |
| 月 (tsuki) | 달 (dal) | Moon | ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (tól) | Fom Old Korean 月羅理 (Yale: *TOlal-i, where the -i is believed to be the nominative marker). |
| 如月 (kisaragi) | 겨울 (gyeoul) | February(J) / Winter(K) | 겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (kyèzúlh). | |
| 針 (hari) | 바늘 (baneul) | Needle | 바ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (pànól). | |
| 水 (mizu) | 물 (mul) | Water | 믈〮 (múl), | |
| 船 (fune) | 배 (bae) | Boat | ᄇᆡ〮 (póy). | |
| 寺 (tera) | 절 (jeol) | Temple | 뎔〮 (tyél). | |
| 言う (iu) | 입 (ip) | Say(J) / Mouth(K) | 입 (ip) | |
| 眩しい (mabushī) | 눈부시다 (nunbusida) | Bright | ᄇᆞᅀᆡ〮다〮 (pòzóy-tá) | |
| 蜘蛛 (kumo) | 거미 (geomi) | Spider | 거믜〮 (kèmúy) | |
| 鉈 (nata) | 낫 (nat) | Hatchet(J) / Scythe(K) | 낟〮 (nát) | |
| 君 (kimi) | 임금 (imgeum) | Lord(J) / King(K) | 님〯금〮 (nǐmkwúm) | |
| 神 (kami) | 검 (geom) | Deity | 검 (geom) | The long vowel which implies an Old Korean bisyllabic form (hence likely *kemV). |
| 河豚 (fugu) | 복 (bok) | Pufferfish | 복 (pwòk). | |
| 馬 (uma) | 말 (mal) | Horse | 말〯 (mǎl) | |
| 箱 (hako) | 바구니 (baguni) | Box(J) / Basket(K) | 바고니〮 (pàkwòní) | |
| 口 (kuchi) | 굿 (gut) | Mouth(J) / Cavity(K) | 굳 (kwut) | Possibly an ancient borrowing from Old Chinese 窟 (OC *kʰluːd, “hole; cave”). |
| 竹 (take) | 대 (dae) | Bamboo(J) / Stalk(K) | 대〮 (Ytáy) | |
| 配る (kubaru) | 고맙다 (gomapda) | Distribute(J) / Thankful(K) | 고〯마〮 (kwŏmá) | |
| 身 (mi) | 몸 (mom) | Body | 몸〮 (mwóm) | Proto-Japonic *muy |
| 生む (umu) | 움 (um) | Birthe(J) / Bud(K) | 움 (wum) | |
| 結ぶ (musubu) | 묶다 (mukda) | Tie up | 무ᇧ다〮 (mwùsk-tá) | |
| 負う (ō) | 업다 (eopda) | Carry on back | 업다〮 (èptá) | |
| 汝 (nare) | 너 (neo) | You | 너 (nè) | |
| 原 (hara) | 벌 (beol) | Field | ᄇᆞᆯ〮 (pól) | |
| 煤 (susu) | 숯 (sut) | Soot(J) / Charcoal(K) | 수ᇧ (swusk) | |
| 菱 (hishi) | 씨 (ssi) | Water Caltrop(J) / Seed(K) | ᄡᅵ〮 (psí) |