User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison

  • en.wikt: currently used on English Wiktionary, largely based on UEW
  • UEW: used by Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Károly Rédei), which is hosted online under uralonet.nytud.hu
  • Aikio: based on Ante Aikio's Uralic Etymological Dictionary (draft) as well as his monograph Proto-Uralic
  • EVE: by Petri Kallio, used by EVE
  • Zhivlov: Mikhail Zhivlov (2023): Reconstruction of Proto-Uralic, in The Uralic Languages, 2nd edition

Vowels edit

Initial vowels edit

en.wikt *a *e *i *o *u
UEW *e̮ *ē *ī *ū1
Aikio *i̮
EVE *i ? *ï2
Zhivlov *i *e̮
  • 1) UEW also reconstructs long vowels *ē *ī *ū for some words. However, modern consensus regarding Proto-Uralic is that it had no phonemic vowel length distinction.
  • 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this is inconsistent. It is not listed in the EVE dictionary entries, but is listed in the Proto-Finnic database and is presumably their explanation for words with i-(a) vocalism in Finnic where the initial i is represented by a back vowel in some other branches (e.g. *kïśka-, *ńïla).

Non-initial vowels edit

en.wikt *a *e
UEW
Aikio *i
EVE ? *ǝ̑2
Zhivlov *i
  • 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this phoneme is inconsistent. Some of their reconstructions use it (including all reconstructions in the PF database) and others do not.

Consonants edit

Sibilants and affricates edit

en.wikt *s
UEW
Aikio
EVE
Zhivlov

Palatalized sonorants edit

en.wikt *ľ́
UEW
Aikio
EVE
Zhivlov

Spirants/coronals edit

Sometimes transcribed as *d1, *d2

en.wikt *d/*δ3 *ď/*δ̕3
UEW *δ̕
Aikio *d
EVE
Zhivlov *δʹ
  • 3) Inconsistent usage

"Laryngeal" edit

Possibly [ɣ] according to Aikio (2022)

en.wikt *x
UEW
Aikio *x
EVE
Zhivlov

Additional consonants edit

UEW reconstructs a consonant *θ which is however not recognized by Aikio, EVE nor Zhivlov. No PU entry on en.wikt currently uses it.