- en.wikt: currently used on English Wiktionary, largely based on UEW
- UEW: used by Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Károly Rédei), which is hosted online under uralonet.nytud.hu
- Aikio: based on Ante Aikio's Uralic Etymological Dictionary (draft) as well as his monograph Proto-Uralic
- EVE: by Petri Kallio, used by EVE
- Zhivlov: Mikhail Zhivlov (2023): Reconstruction of Proto-Uralic, in The Uralic Languages, 2nd edition
Initial vowels
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en.wikt
|
*a |
*e |
*i |
*o |
*u |
*ä |
*ü
|
*ë
|
—
|
---|
UEW
|
*e̮
|
*ē *ī *ū1 |
---|
Aikio
|
*i̮
|
—
|
---|
EVE
|
*i |
? *ï2 |
*ë
|
---|
Zhivlov
|
*i
|
*e̮
|
---|
- 1) UEW also reconstructs long vowels *ē *ī *ū for some words. However, modern consensus regarding Proto-Uralic is that it had no phonemic vowel length distinction.
- 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this is inconsistent. It is not listed in the EVE dictionary entries, but is listed in the Proto-Finnic database and is presumably their explanation for words with i-(a) vocalism in Finnic where the initial i is represented by a back vowel in some other branches (e.g. *kïśka-, *ńïla).
Non-initial vowels
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en.wikt
|
*a |
*ä
|
*e
|
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UEW
|
---|
Aikio
|
*i
|
---|
EVE
|
*ə |
? *ǝ̑2 |
---|
Zhivlov
|
*i
|
---|
- 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this phoneme is inconsistent. Some of their reconstructions use it (including all reconstructions in the PF database) and others do not.
Consonants
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Sibilants and affricates
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en.wikt
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*s |
*š
|
*ś |
*ć
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*č
|
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UEW
|
---|
Aikio
|
*ś
|
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EVE
|
*ś |
*ć
|
---|
Zhivlov
|
*ć
|
---|
Palatalized sonorants
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en.wikt
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*ń
|
*ľ́
|
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UEW
|
---|
Aikio
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—
|
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EVE
|
---|
Zhivlov
|
---|
Spirants/coronals
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Sometimes transcribed as *d1, *d2
en.wikt
|
*d/*δ3 |
*ď/*δ̕3 |
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UEW
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*δ
|
*δ̕
|
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Aikio
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*d
|
*ď
|
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EVE
|
---|
Zhivlov
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*δ
|
*δʹ
|
---|
"Laryngeal"
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Possibly [ɣ] according to Aikio (2022)
en.wikt
|
*x
|
---|
UEW
|
*γ
|
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Aikio
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*x
|
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EVE
|
---|
Zhivlov
|
---|
Additional consonants
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UEW reconstructs a consonant *θ which is however not recognized by Aikio, EVE nor Zhivlov. No PU entry on en.wikt currently uses it.