User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/melh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative forms edit

*mel(h₁)-^[1]

Etymology edit

Perhaps reanalyzed from *mle- (“weak, soft”) +‎ *-h₂ti (factitive verb suffix), or possibly from to *melh₂- (“to grind”).

Verb edit

*melh₁-^[2]

to make weak, soft, tender

Derived terms edit

*mléh₂-ti (root athematic present) (schwebeablaut)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mláHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mláHti
    - Sanskrit: म्लात (mlātá, “soft”, ta-ptc.)
  - Proto-Iranian: *mláHti^[3]
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬁𐬙𐬀 (mrāta, “softened (by water)”, ta-ptc.)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *parimláHti (+ *pari-)
      - Ossetian: (“to get tired”)
        Digor Ossetian: фӕллад (fællad)
        
        Iron Ossetian: фӕллад (fællad)

*mélh₂-e-ti (root thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málHati
  - Proto-Nuristani: [Term?] (“to soften (leather)”)
    - Kmkt.ktv.S marʹe-
    - Kmkt.km.S mârʹa-

*mléh₂-ye-ti^[4] (schwebeablaut)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mláHyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mláHyati
    - Sanskrit: म्लायति (mlā́yati, “to become weary”, caus.)

*mélh₂-o-s (“clay, dirt; dirty”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μέλας (mélas, “black”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: मल (mala, “dirt, filth, dust”)

*mélh₂-ti-s ~ *ml̥h₂-téy-s^[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *mlātis (“tender, soft”)

*ml̥h₂-éḱ-s ~ *ml̥h₂-ḱ-ós^[6]^[4]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx), βλᾱκός (blākós)
  - Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós, “weak, soft, tender”)

*ml̥h₂-sk-u-^[7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] c (mi-li-iš-ku-uš /⁠miliškuš⁠/), [script needed] n (ma-li-iš-ku /⁠mališku⁠/, “weak; light, unimportant”)

*ml̥h₂-wó-s (“of clay; clay colored”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: mul̃vas (“reddish, yellowish, of clay”)
- Proto-Italic: *molwos
  - Latin: mulleus (“red-coloured”)

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: μόροξος (móroxos, “kind of pipe-clay”)

*wleh₁- ~ *welh₁-

*wl̥h₁-néh₂ (“wool”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋠𒀸 (ḫulanaš)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գեղմն (gełmn) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wílˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wlanā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wullō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wlḗnos
  - Ancient Greek: λῆνος (lênos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥HnaH (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wlānā
  - Latin: lāna (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] c (ú-il-na-a-aš /⁠wilinaš⁠/, “clay”, gen.sg.)

*welh₁-k-ti
- Proto-Germanic: [Term?] (“to wither”)
  - Dutch: verwelken
  - Middle Low German: welken
  - Old High German: irwelhen (“to become soft”)

*mled- ~ *wled-

*mléd-e-ti^[8] (schwebeablaut)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: म्रदते (mradate, “to be weak, soft”, 3sg.med.), अव्रदन्त (ávradanta, “to become soft”, 3pl.impf.med.), म्रदयति (mradayati, “to make soft”, caus.)
  - Proto-Nuristani: [Term?] (“to become mushy, soft”)
    - Kmkt.ktv.S vulařʹe-
    - Kmkt.km.S ulʹařa-

*meld-ú-s ~ *ml̥d-éw-s (“soft, mild, weak”)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: մեղկ (mełk)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maldas
  - Old Prussian: maldai
  - Proto-Slavic: *moldъ
- Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλαδύς (bladús)
- Proto-Italic: *molduis
  - Latin: mollis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥dúš (see there for further descendants)

*mĺ̥d-h₂ (“clay, dirt”)
- Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μάλθη (málthē)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: मृद् f (mŕ̥d)

*wl̥d-wó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *wlidwos
  - Middle Welsh: gwlydd (“mild, soft, tender”)
  - Gaulish: *wlidos
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वर्द्व (vardva)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (varᵊduua, “weak”)

References edit

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 20
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1876
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*mraH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 184
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “896”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page μαλακός
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) chapter 549, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, milišku-/mode/1up?view=theater page mališku-, milišku-
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*u̯red-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 697

[1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 20

[2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1876

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*mraH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274

[Schrijver-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 184

[5] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “896”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page μαλακός

[7] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) chapter 549, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, milišku-/mode/1up?view=theater page mališku-, milišku-

[8] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*u̯red-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 697

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