Wiktionary:Manchu transliteration
There are several systems for transliteration of the Manchu alphabet. These include the Möllendorff transliteration system invented by German linguist Paul Georg von Möllendorff, Abkai transliteration, the transliteration used in A Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary (CMCD). There is also a system of Cyrillization invented by Russian diplomat Ivan Zakharov, using the pre-reform Russian alphabet. The following table shows the differences between three major transliteration systems for the Manchu alphabet.
Manchu transliterations
editSound (IPA) | Möllendorff | Abkai | CMCD | Manchu and Unicode | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[a] | a | a | a | ᠠ 1820 | |
[ə] | e | e | e | ᡝ 185D | |
[i] | i[1] | i | i[1] | ᡳ 1873 | |
[ɨ] | y[2] | yʻ | y | ᡟ 185F | only used in loanwords |
[ɔ] | o | o | o | ᠣ 1823 | |
[u] | u | u | u | ᡠ 1860 | |
[ʊ] | ū | v | uu | ᡡ 1861 | |
[n] | n | n | n | ᠨ 1828 | |
[ŋ] | ng | ng | ng | ᠩ 1829 | |
[qʰ] & [kʰ] | k | k | k | ᡴ 1874 | |
[q] & [k] | g | g | g | ᡤ 1864 | |
[χ] & [x] | h | h | h | ᡥ 1865 | |
[p] | b | b | b | ᠪ 182A | |
[pʰ] | p | p | p | ᡦ 1866 | |
[s]; [ɕ] before [i] | s | s | s | ᠰ 1830 | |
[ʃ]; [ɕ] before [i] | š | x | sh[3] | ᡧ 1867 | |
[tʰ] | t | t | t | ᡨ 1868 | |
[t] | d | d | d | ᡩ 1869 | |
[l] | l | l | l | ᠯ 182F | |
[m] | m | m | m | ᠮ 182E | |
[t͡ʃʰ]; [t͡ɕʰ] before [i] | c | q | ch | ᠴ 1834 | |
[t͡ʃ]; [t͡ɕ] before [i] | j | j | zh | ᠵ 1835 | |
[j] | y | y | y | ᠶ 1836 | |
[r] | r | r | r | ᡵ 1875 | |
[f] | f | f | f | ᡶ 1876 | |
[w] | w | w | w | ᠸ 1838 | |
[kʰ] | k῾ | kʻ | kk | ᠺ 183A | only used in loanwords |
[k] | g῾ | gʻ | gg | ᡬ 186C | only used in loanwords |
[x] | h῾ | hʻ | hh | ᡭ 186D | only used in loanwords |
[tsʰ] | ts῾[2] | c | c | ᡮ 186E | only used in loanwords |
[tsʰ] | ts | cyʻ | cy | ᡮᡟ 186E 185F | only used in loanwords |
[t͡s] | dz | z | z | ᡯ 186F | only used in loanwords |
[ʐ] | ž | rʻ | rr | ᡰ 1870 | only used in loanwords |
[sɨ] | sy | syʻ | sy | ᠰᡟ 1830 185F | only used in loanwords |
[tʂʰ] | c῾ | q | ch | ᡱ 1871 | only used in loanwords |
[tʂʰɨ] | c῾y | qyʻ | chy | ᡱᡳ 1871 1873 | only used in loanwords |
[tʂ] | j | zh | zh | ᡷ 1877 | only used in loanwords |
[tʂɨ] | jy | jyʻ | zhy | ᡷᡳ 1877 1873 | only used in loanwords |
Notes
editSee also
edit- Manchu alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- transliterations of Manchu on Wikipedia.Wikipedia