Wiktionary:Northern Thai transliteration
This is a Wiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page. This is a draft proposal. It is unofficial, and it is unknown whether it is widely accepted by Wiktionary editors. | |
Policies – Entries: CFI - EL - NORM - NPOV - QUOTE - REDIR - DELETE. Languages: LT - AXX. Others: BLOCK - BOTS - VOTES. |
We have not yet established a standard Northern Thai romanisation. See discussion page for ideas.
These are the rules concerning transliteration in Northern Thai entries.
Writing Systems
editThere are three major writing systems:
- Writing in the Thai alphabet, basically using the orthographic conventions of Siamese, including the sound values of the stop consonants. This system may be called 'thap sap' (ทับศัพท์), at least in Siamese. It is used in the recent translation of the New Testament.
- Writing in the Thai alphabet, basically using the vowel and tone conventions of Siamese, but with the consonant values from the Lanna script (script code Lana). This is close to being a transliteration of the Lanna script consonant system. This system may be called rup pariwat (รูปปริวรรต).
- Writing in the Lanna script. It is used in the recent translation of the New Testament.
Consonants
edit1 | 2 | 3 | 4a | 4b | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9a | 9b | 10a | 10b | 11 | 12a | 12b | 13 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thap sap tone class | mid | high | low | mid | high | low | ||||||||||||
Thap Sap Consonants | ก (gɔɔ) | ข (kɔ̌ɔ) | ฃ (kɔ̌ɔ)[1] | ค (kɔɔ) | ฅ (kɔɔ)[1] | ฆ (kɔɔ) | ง (ngɔɔ) | จ (jɔɔ) | ฉ (chɔ̌ɔ) | ช (chɔɔ)[2] | ซ (sɔɔ)[2] | ฌ (chɔɔ)[2] | ญ (yɔɔ) | |||||
Lanna and rup pariwat tone class | high | low | high | low | ||||||||||||||
Rup Pariwat Consonants | ก (gɔɔ)[3] | ข (kɔ̌ɔ) | ฃ (kɔ̌ɔ)[1] | ค (kɔɔ)[3] | ฅ (kɔɔ) | ฆ (kɔɔ) | ง (ngɔɔ) | จ (jɔɔ)[3] | ฉ (chɔ̌ɔ)[3] | ช (chɔɔ)[2][3] | ซ (sɔɔ)[2] | ฌ (chɔɔ)[2][3] | ญ (yɔɔ)[3] | |||||
Lanna Consonants | ᨠ | ᨡ | ᨢ[1] | ᨣ | ᨤ | ᨥ | ᨦ | ᨧ | ᨨ | ᨩ[2] | ᨪ[2] | ᨫ[2] | ᨬ | |||||
Adapted Paiboon | Initials | g | k | g | k | ng | j | s | ch | j | s | ch | ny | |||||
Finals | k | (k)[4] | k | (k)[4] | k | t | (t)[4] | t | n | |||||||||
Royal Institute | Initials | k | kh | k | kh | ng | ch | s | ch | s | ch | ny[5] | ||||||
Finals | k | (k)[4] | k | k | (k)[4] | k | t | (t)[4] | t | n |
14 | 15 | 16 | 17a | 17b | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23a | 23b | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thap sap tone class | mid | high | low | mid | high | low | mid | high | |||||||||||
Thap Sap Consonants | ฎ (dɔɔ) | ฏ (dtɔɔ) | ฐ (tɔ̌ɔ) | ฑ (tɔɔ) | ฒ (tɔɔ) | ณ (nɔɔ) | ด (dɔɔ) | ต (dtɔɔ) | ถ (tɔ̌ɔ) | ท (tɔɔ) | ธ (tɔɔ) | น (nɔɔ) | บ (bɔɔ) | ป (bpɔɔ) | ผ (pɔ̌ɔ) | ฝ (fɔ̌ɔ) | |||
Lanna and rup pariwat tone class | mid | high | low | mid | high | low | mid | high | |||||||||||
Rup Pariwat Consonants | ฎ (dɔɔ) | ฏ (dtɔɔ)[3] | ฐ (tɔ̌ɔ) | ฑ (tɔɔ)[3] | ฒ (tɔɔ) | ณ (nɔɔ) | ด (dɔɔ) | ต (dtɔɔ)[3] | ถ (tɔ̌ɔ) | ท (tɔɔ)[3] | ธ (tɔɔ) | น (nɔɔ) | บ (bɔɔ) | ป (bpɔɔ)[3] | ผ (pɔ̌ɔ) | ฝ (fɔ̌ɔ) | |||
Lanna Consonants | ᨯ | ᨭ | ᨮ | ᨯ | ᨰ | ᨱ | ᨯ | ᨲ | ᨳ | ᨴ | ᨵ | ᨶ | ᨷ [6] | ᨸ | ᨹ | ᨺ | |||
Adapted Paiboon | Initials | d | dt | t | dt | t | n | d | dt | t | dt | t | n | b | bp | p | f | ||
Finals | t | t | p | (p)[4] | |||||||||||||||
Royal Institute | Initials | d | t | th | t | th | n | d | t | th | t | th | n | b | p | ph | f | ||
Finals | t | t | p | (p)[4] |
30a | 30b | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34a | 34b | 34c | 35a | 35b | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thap sap tone class | low | low | mid | low | high | low | mid | low | ||||||||||||
Thap Sap Consonants | พ (pɔɔ) | ฟ (fɔɔ)[2] | ภ (pɔɔ) | ม (mɔɔ) | ย (yɔɔ) | ร (rɔɔ)[7][8] | ล (lɔɔ)[2][8] | ว (wɔɔ) | ศ (sɔ̌ɔ) | ษ (sɔ̌ɔ) | ส (sɔ̌ɔ)[2] | ห (hɔ̌ɔ) | ฬ (lɔɔ) | อ (ɔɔ) | ฮ (hɔɔ) | |||||
Lanna and rup pariwat tone class | low | low | mid | low | high | low | mid | low | ||||||||||||
Rup Pariwat Consonants | พ (pɔɔ)[3] | ฟ (fɔɔ)[2] | ภ (pɔɔ) | ม (mɔɔ) | ย (yɔɔ)[3] | อย [9] | ร (rɔɔ)[3][8] | ล (lɔɔ)[2][8] | ว (wɔɔ) | ศ (sɔ̌ɔ) | ษ (sɔ̌ɔ) | ส (sɔ̌ɔ)[2] | ห (hɔ̌ɔ) | ฬ (lɔɔ) | อ (ɔɔ) | ฮ (hɔɔ) | ||||
Lanna Consonants | ᨻ | ᨼ[2] | ᨽ | ᨾ | ᨿ | ᩀ | ᩁ[8] | ᩃ[2][8] | ᩅ | ᩆ | ᩇ | ᩈ[2] | ᩉ | ᩊ | ᩋ | ᩌ | ||||
Adapted Paiboon | Initials | bp | p | f | p | m | ny | ny, y[10] | y | h, l, r[10] | r | l | w | s | h | l | –[11] | h | ||
Finals | p | i[12] | -[13] | n | o[12] | t | (h)[4] | n | – | (h)[4] | ||||||||||
Royal Institute | Initials | p | ph | f | ph | m | ny[5] | ny[5], y[10] | y | h, l, r[10] | r | l | w | s | h | l | –[11] | h | ||
Finals | p | i[12] | -[13] | n | o[12] | t | (h)[4] | n | – | (h)[4] |
Notes
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Obsolete or antiquarian letters
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 Western loanwords sometimes use initials as alternative finals instead.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Pronunciation in rup pariwat context is to be determined.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Finals in parentheses are theoretical and they do not occur.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The Royal Thai General System does not address this initial sound. This is an extension in keeping with its modern principles. The original design would have been more likely to choose 'ñ'
- ^ Generally used in loans from Pali even when pronounced as though written with ᨸ; such cases are to be transliterated as though written with ᨸ.
- ^ Final ร without a vowel mark = ɔɔn; Medial รร = a
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 ฤ = รึ (rʉ, rue); ฤๅ = รือ: (rʉʉ, rue); ฦ = ลึ (lʉ, lue); ฦๅ = ลือ: (lʉʉ, lue). However, their pronunciation might change in words.
- ^ Often printed as a ligature
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 According to sound
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Initial consonant treated as implicit in transliteration.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Part of a diphthong
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Does not occur as a final
Dependent Vowels
editBecause of grave deficiencies in Tai Tham rendering, the Lanna script vowels are shown on ᨠ or, where more appropriate, ᨣ or ᨠᩖ. For greater clarity, implicit vowels are shown by the dotted circle for both scripts.
1a | 1b | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14a | 14b | 15 | 16a | 16b | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21a | 21b | 22a | 22b | 23a | 23b | 24a | 24b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thai script vowels | Open syllable | ◌ะ | ◌ | ◌า | ◌ิ | ◌ี | ◌ึ | ◌ือ | ◌ุ | ◌ู | เ◌ะ | เ◌ | แ◌ะ | แ◌ | โ◌ะ | โ◌ | – | เ◌าะ | ◌อ | – | เ◌อะ | เ◌อ | เ◌ียะ | เ◌ีย | เ◌ือะ | เ◌ือ | ◌ัวะ | ◌ัว | ||||
Closed syllable | ◌ั | – | ◌ื | เ◌็ | แ◌็ | ◌ | ◌็อ | เ◌ิ | เ◌ีย | เ◌ือ | ◌ว | |||||||||||||||||||||
Lanna script vowels | Open syllable | ᨠᩡ | ◌ | ᨠᩣ or ᨣᩤ | ᨠᩥ | ᨠᩦ | ᨠᩧ | ᨠᩨ | ᨠᩩ | ᨣᩪ | ᨠᩮᩡ | ᨠᩮ | ᨠᩯᩡ | ᨠᩯ | ᨠᩰᩡ | ᨠᩰ | ᨠᩮᩣ or ᨣᩮᩤ | ᨠᩰᩬᩡ | ᨠᩬᩴ | ᨠᩴ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩡ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥ[1] | ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ | ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋᩡ | ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋᩡ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋ | ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋ | ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ | ᨠᩖᩫᩅᩡ[2] | ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫ | ᨠᩖᩫᩅ[2] |
Closed syllable | ᨠᩢ | ᨠᩮᩢ | ᨠᩯᩢ | ᨠᩫ | ᨠᩰᩫ | ᨠᩬᩢ | – | ᨠᩮᩥᩢ | ᨠᩮᩥ | ᨠ᩠ᨿᩢ | ᨠ᩠ᨿ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩢ | ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩢ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥ[1] | ᨠᩮᩬᩨ | ᨠ᩠ᩅᩢ | ᨠᩖᩢᩅ[3] | ᨠ᩠ᩅ | ᨠᩖᩅ[4] | |||||||||||||
Paiboon | a | aa | i | ii | ʉ | ʉʉ | u | uu | e | ee | ɛ | ɛɛ | o | oo | ɔ | ɔɔ | ə | əə | ia | iia | ʉa | ʉʉa | ua | uua | ||||||||
Royal Institute | a | i | ue | u | e | ae | o | oe | ia | uea | ua |
Notes
editDependent Vowels plus Coda
editThis does not list predictable combinations, such as ◌าย/ᨠᩣ᩠ᨿ/aai.
25a | 25b | 26 | 27 | 28a | 28b | 28c | 28d | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thai script rimes | ◌ำ | ไ◌ | ใ◌ | เ◌า | – | ◌ิว | เ◌ย | – | ||||
Lanna script rimes | ᨠᩣᩴ | ᨣᩤᩴ | ᨠᩱ | ᨠᩲ[1] | ᨠᩮᩢᩣ | ᨣᩮᩢᩤ | ᨠᩳ | ᨠᩪᩦ[2] | ᨠᩥ᩠ᩅ | ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨿ | ᨠᩢ | ᨠᩢᩣ |
Paiboon | am | ai | ao | iu | əəi | ak | aak | |||||
Royal Institute | am | ai | ao | io | oei | ak |
No. 32 generalises to the combination of mai sat with vowels above or below.
Notes
editTone marks
editDiatonemes
editAlthough the presence of six tones across Northern Thai is widespread, there are differences in realisation across the region. To establish the diatonemes of the language, it is helpful to go back to the Gedney Box and give concrete examples. The standard four-fold division of initials is more than adequate to encompass Northern Thai, Thai and Lao. Examples are given in the tables in the form (Chiang Mai) thap sap / Lanna script / (Siamese cognate).
A | B | C | DS | DL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A1 | B1 | C1 | D1S | D1L |
ขา/ᨡᩣ (“leg”)/ขา (kǎa) หู/ᩉᩪ (“ear”)/หู (hǔu) |
เข่า/ᨡᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ (“knee”)/เข่า (kào) ไข่/ᨡᩱ᩵ (“egg”)/ไข่ (kài) |
หน้า/ᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣ (“face”)/หน้า (nâa) เสื้อ/ᩈᩮᩬᩥ᩶ᩋ (“cloth”)/เสื้อ (sʉ̂ʉa) เข้า/ᨡᩮ᩶ᩣ (“rice”)/ข้าว (kâao) |
ผัก/ᨹᩢ᩠ᨠ (“vegetable”)/ผัก (pàk) สุก/ᩈᩩᩢ (“cooked”)/สุก (sùk) |
ศอก/ᩈᩬᨠ (“elbow”)/ศอก (sɔ̀ɔk) สาก/ᩈᩣ᩠ᨠ (“pestle”)/สาก (sàak) | |
2 | A2 | B2 | C2 | D2S | D2L |
ต๋า/ᨲᩣ (“eye”)/ตา (dtaa) กิ๋น/ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ (“eat”)/กิน (gin) ก๋า/ᨠᩣ (“crow”)/กา (gaa) |
ไก่/ᨠᩱ᩵ (“chicken”)/ไก่ (gài) เต่า/ᨲᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ (“turtle”)/เต่า (dtào) |
ก้าง/ᨠ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ (“fishbone”)/ก้าง (gâang) เก้า/ᨠᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ (“nine”)/เก้า (gâao) ป้า/ᨸ᩶ᩣ (“aunt”)/ป้า (bpâa) |
เป็ด/ᨸᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ (“duck”)/เป็ด (bpèt) เจ็ด/ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ (“seven”)/เจ็ด (jèt) |
ปาก/ᨸᩢᩣ (“mouth”)/ปาก (bpàak) ตาก/ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ (“dry”)/ตาก (dtàak) ปีก/ᨸᩦ᩠ᨠ (“wing”)/ปีก (bpìik) | |
3 | A3 | B3 | C3 | D3S | D3L |
บิน/ᨷᩥ᩠ᨶ (“fly”)/บิน (bin) ดำ/ᨯᩣᩴ (“black”)/ดำ (dam) แอว/ᩋᩯ᩠ᩅ (“waist”)/เอว (eeo) |
บ่า/ᨷ᩵ᩤ (“shoulder”)/บ่า (bàa) อิ่ม/ᩋᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ (“enough”)/อิ่ม (ìm) |
อ้า/ᩋ᩶ᩣ (“open”)/อ้า (âa) บ้า/ᨷ᩶ᩤ (“mad”)/บ้า (bâa) |
เบ็ด/ᨷᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ (“fishhook”)/เบ็ด (bèt) อก/ᩋᩫ᩠ᨠ (“chest”)/อก (òk) |
ดอก/ᨯᩬᩢ (“flower”)/ดอก (dɔ̀ɔk) แดด/ᨯᩯ᩠ᨯ (“sunlight”)/แดด (dɛ̀ɛt) | |
4 | A4 | B4 | C4 | D4S | D4L |
มือ/ᨾᩨ (“hand”)/มือ (mʉʉ) นา/ᨶᩣ (“field”)/นา (naa) งู/ᨦᩪ (“snake”)/งู (nguu) |
ป้อ/ᨻᩬ᩵ (“father”)/พ่อ (pɔ̂ɔ) แม่/ᨾᩯ᩵ (“mother”)/แม่ (mɛ̂ɛ) |
น้า/ᨶ᩶ᩣ (“aunt”)/น้า (náa) ไม้/ᨾᩱ᩶ (“wood”)/ไม้ (máai) น้อง/ᨶᩬ᩶ᨦ (“younger sibling”)/น้อง (nɔ́ɔng) |
มด/ᨾᩫ᩠ᨯ (“ant”)/มด (mót) วัด/ᩅᩢ᩠ᨯ (“temple”)/วัด (wát) นก/ᨶᩫ᩠ᨠ (“bird”)/นก (nók) |
มืด/ᨾᩨ᩠ᨯ (“dark”)/มืด (mʉ̂ʉt) ลูก/ᩃᩪᩢ (“child”)/ลูก (lûuk) เลือด/ᩃᩮᩬᩥᨯ (“blood”)/เลือด (lʉ̂ʉat) |
A | B | C | DS | DL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A1 | B1 | C1 | D1S | D1L |
2 | A2 | B2 | C2 | D2S | D2L |
3 | A3 | B3 | C3 | D3S | D3L |
4 | A4 | B4 | C4 | D4S | D4L |
Northern Thai has six tones on live syllables (tone classes A, B and C) and four tones on dead syllables (tone class D).
Chiang Mai | Chiang Rai | Lampang | Phrae | Bangkok[1] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | Wiktionary Diacritic |
Sound | Sound | Sound | Sound | Wiktionary Diacritic | |
The six live tones are:[2] | |||||||
Cells A1 and A2 | ˩˩˦ 114 | ě | ˩˩˧ 113 | ˩˩˧ 113 | ˩˩˧ 113 | ˩˩˥ 115[3] | ě |
Cells A3 and A4 | ˧˧ 33 | ē | ˧˧˦ 334 | ˧˧˦ 334 | ˧˧˦ 334 | ˧˧ 33[4] | ē |
Cells B1, B2 and B3 | ˩˩ 11 | è | ˩˩ 11 | ˨˨ 22 | ˧˧ 33 | ˩˩ 11 | è |
Cell B4 | ˦˦˩ 441 | ê | ˧˧˩ 331 | ˧˧˩ 331 | ˧˧˩ 331 | ˥˥˩ 551[5] | ê |
Cells C1, C2 and C3 | ˥˥˨ 552 | e᷆ | ˥˥ 55 | ˥˥ 55 | ˥˥ 55 | ˥˥˩ 551[5] | ê |
Cell C4 | ˦˦˥˧ 4453 | é | ˥˥˧ 553 | ˥˥˧ 553 | ˥˥˧ 553 | ˦˥˧ 453 | é |
The four dead tones are:[2] | |||||||
Cells D1S, D2S and D3S | ˦˦˥ 445 | ě | ˦˦˥ 445 | ˦˦˥ 445 | ˦˦˥ 445 | ˩˩ 11[6] | è |
Cell D4S | ˥˥ 55 | é | ˥˥˦ 554 | ˥˥ 55 | ˥˥˦ 554 | ˥˥ 55 | é |
Cells D1L, D2L and D3L | ˩˩ 11 | è | ˨˨ 22 | ˨˨ 22 | ˧˧ 33 | ˩˩ 11[6] | è |
Cell D4L | ˦˦˩ 441 | ê | ˧˧˩ 331 | ˧˧˩ 331 | ˧˧˩ 331 | ˥˥˩ 551 | ê |
- ^ Siamese, not Northern Thai!
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Katsura, Makio (1969 September) “Notes on Some Phonological Aspects of Northern Thai”, in Tonan Ajia Kenkyu (The Southeast Asian Studies)[1], volume 7, number 2, pages 148–162
- ^ For cells A1, A2 and A3
- ^ For cell A4
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 These two live tones are the same in Siamese.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 These two dead tones are the same in Siamese.
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone marks | no mark | ◌่ | ◌้ | ◌๊ | ◌๋ | |
Paiboon | High class | ◌̌ | ◌̀ | ◌̂ | – | |
Mid class | ◌ | ◌́ | ◌̌ | |||
Low class | ◌̂ | ◌́ | – | |||
Royal Institute | not present at all |
Lexical Ordering
editFor the Thai script, the Thai lexical ordering should be used.
For the Lanna script, we need evidence. The following principles appear to be widely agreed:
- Ordering is done syllable by syllable (this can be hard to implement), and there might be some difference between phonetic and alphabetical syllables.
- Differences of tone mark have the lowest priority.
- Consonants and vowels count equally.
- Short vowels precede long vowels.
There is not necessarily agreement on the positional of the additional consonants, i.e. those not used for Pali. Additionally, do the vowel letters come first or (almost) last? Are consonants split according to sound (as in the MFL)?
Numerals
editEuropean | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thai | ๐ (0) | ๑ (1) | ๒ (2) | ๓ (3) | ๔ (4) | ๕ (5) | ๖ (6) | ๗ (7) | ๘ (8) | ๙ (9) |
Religious | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ |
Secular | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ |