calculus

English

Etymology

• Borrowed from Latin calculus (“a pebble or stone used as reckoning counters in abacus”) , diminutive of calx (“limestone”) + -ulus.
• Mathematical topic is from differential calculus.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈkælkjʊləs/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈkælkjələs/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

1. (dated, countable) Calculation; computation.
2. (countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.

   lambda calculus

   predicate calculus

3. (uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject; analysis.
4. (countable, medicine) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ.

   renal calculus ( = kidney stone)

5. (uncountable, dentistry) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth.
6. (countable) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.
   • 2008 December 16, “Cameron calls for bankers’ ‘day of reckoning’”, in Financial Times:

     The Tory leader refused to state how many financiers he thought should end up in jail, saying: “There is not some simple calculus."

Synonyms

• (calculation, computation): ciphering, reckoning; see also Thesaurus:calculation
• (in analysis): infinitesimal calculus
• (in medicine): stone
• (in dentistry): dental calculus, tartar

Derived terms

• calculus of moving surfaces
• calculus of sums and differences
• calculus of variations
• dental calculus
• differential calculus
• felicific calculus
• finite-difference calculus
• fractional calculus
• hedonic calculus
• hedonistic calculus
• implicational propositional calculus
• infinitesimal calculus
• integral calculus
• join calculus
• Kirby calculus
• lambda calculus
• logical calculus
• multivariable calculus
• noncalculus
• operational calculus
• pi-calculus
• precalculus
• predicate calculus
• propositional calculus
• tensor calculus
• tuple calculus
• utility calculus

 

Related terms

• calcify
• calcium
• calculate

Translations

formal mathematical system

• Afrikaans: analise, calculus
• Armenian: համարողություն (hy) (hamarołutʿyun)
• Catalan: càlcul (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 微積分學

  Mandarin: 微積分學 (zh), 微积分学 (zh) (wēijīfēnxué)

• Czech: počet (cs) m
• Finnish: laskenta (fi)
• French: calcul (fr) m
• Gallurese: calculu
• Georgian: კალკულუსი (ḳalḳulusi), აღრიცხვა (aɣricxva)
• German: Kalkül (de) m
• Greek: λογισμός (el) m (logismós)
• Hungarian: kalkulus
• Irish: calcalas m
• Italian: calcolo (it)
• Japanese: 計算 (ja) (keisan)
• Korean: 미적분 (ko) (mijeokbun), 미적분학 (mijeokbunhak)

• Maori: tuanaki
• Norwegian: beregning m or f
• Polish: rachunek (pl) m
• Portuguese: cálculo (pt)
• Romanian: calcul (ro) n
• Russian: исчисле́ние (ru) n (isčislénije)
• Sardinian:

  Campidanese: calculu, càrculu

  Logudorese: calculu, càrculu

• Sassarese: càlcuru
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: ра̀чӯн m

  Roman: ràčūn (sh) m

• Slovak: počet
• Spanish: cálculo (es) m
• Swedish: kalkyl (sv) c
• Tagalog: tayahan
• Welsh: calcwlws m
• Yiddish: קאַלקולוס‎ m (kalkulus)

differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject

• Afrikaans: analise, calculus
• Bengali: কলনবিদ্যা (bn) (kôlônbidja)
• Catalan: càlcul (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 微積分 (zh), 微积分 (zh) (wēijīfēn)

• Czech: počet (cs)
• Finnish: laskenta (fi)
• French: calcul (fr) m
• Gallurese: calculu
• Georgian: დიფერენციალური აღრიცხვა (diperencialuri aɣricxva)
• German: Kalkül (de) m
• Greek: λογισμός (el) m (logismós)
• Gujarati: કલન (kalan)
• Hindi: कलन (hi) (kalan)
• Icelandic: deilda- og heildareikningur m, diffur- og tegurreikningur m, örsmæðareikningur m, reiknivísi f
• Ido: kalkulo (io)
• Italian: calcolo (it) m
• Japanese: 微積分 (ja) (bisekibun)

• Maori: tuanaki
• Marathi: कलन (kalan)
• Norwegian: matematikk (no) m
• Persian: حساب دیفرانسیل و انتگرال‎ (hesâbe diferânsyal o entegrâl)
• Polish: rachunek różniczkowy i całkowy m
• Portuguese: cálculo (pt) m
• Romanian: calcul diferențial (ro) n
• Sardinian:

  Campidanese: calculu, càrculu

  Logudorese: calculu, càrculu

• Sassarese: càlcuru
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Roman: infinitezimalni račun m

• Slovak: matematická analýza
• Spanish: cálculo diferencial m
• Swedish: analys (sv) c
• Tagalog: tayahan
• Telugu: కలన గణితం (kalana gaṇitaṃ)
• Turkish: kalkülüs
• Yiddish: קאַלקולוס‎ m (kalkulus)

stony concretion in an organ

• Bulgarian: камък (bg) m (kamǎk)
• Catalan: càlcul (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 結石 (zh), 结石 (zh) (jiéshí)

• Finnish: kivi (fi)
• French: calcul (fr) m, lithiase (fr) f
• German: Konkrement (de) n
• Greek: λιθίαση (el) f (lithíasi)
• Gujarati: અશ્મરી (aśmarī)
• Icelandic: steinn (is) m
• Japanese: 結石 (kesseki)

• Latin: lapillus m
• Macedonian: ка́мен m (kámen)
• Portuguese: cálculo (pt) m
• Romanian: piatră (ro) f, calcul (ro) m
• Russian: ка́мень (ru) m (kámenʹ)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: каме́нац m

  Roman: kaménac (sh) m

• Spanish: cálculo (es) m
• Thai: นิ่ว (th) (nîu)
• Turkish: taş (tr)

deposits on teeth

• Bulgarian: зъбен камък (zǎben kamǎk)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 牙石 (yáshí)

• Finnish: kivi (fi), hammaskivi (fi)
• German: Zahnstein (de) m
• Greek: πλάκα (el) f (pláka)
• Hungarian: fogkő (hu)
• Italian: tartaro (it) m, tartaro dentario m
• Japanese: 歯石 (しせき, shiseki)
• Macedonian: за́бен ка́мен m (záben kámen)

• Polish: kamień nazębny m
• Portuguese: tártaro (pt) m
• Romanian: tartru (ro) n, piatră (ro) f
• Russian: зубно́й ка́мень m (zubnój kámenʹ), зубно́й налёт m (zubnój naljót)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Roman: zubni kamenac m

• Slovak: zubný kameň
• Spanish: sarro (es) m
• Thai: คราบหินปูน (krâap-hǐn-bpuun)
• Turkish: tartar (tr), diş taşı (tr), kefeki (tr)
• Ukrainian: зубни́й ка́мінь m (zubnýj káminʹ)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Latin: (3) ^{(please verify)} calculus m

See also

• algebra
• analysis
• concretion

References

• calculus in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911

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Latin

Etymology

Diminutive from calx (“limestone, game counter”) +‎ -ulus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkal.ku.lus/, [ˈkaɫ̪.kʊ.ɫ̪ʊs]

Noun

calculus m (genitive calculī); second declension

1. Diminutive of calx
2. pebble, stone
3. reckoning, calculating
4. a piece in the latrunculi game

Declension

Second-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	calculus	calculī
Genitive	calculī	calculōrum
Dative	calculō	calculīs
Accusative	calculum	calculōs
Ablative	calculō	calculīs
Vocative	calcule	calculī

Derived terms

• calculārius
• calculensis
• calculō
• calculōsus

Related terms

• calx

Descendants

• Catalan: càlcul
• English: calculus
• French: calcul
• Italian: calcolo

• Portuguese: cálculo
• Romanian: calcul
• Spanish: cálculo

References

• calculus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• calculus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• calculus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• calculus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing: ad calculos vocare aliquid (Amic. 16. 58)