cercler
French edit
Etymology edit
From cercle + -er, or alternatively from Vulgar Latin *circlāre, from Late Latin circulāre, from Latin circulārī (and therefore a doublet of the borrowed circuler[1]). Compare Italian cerchiare.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
cercler
- (transitive) to ring, hoop, encircle (with)
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of cercler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | cercler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | cerclant /sɛʁ.klɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | cerclé /sɛʁ.kle/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | cercle /sɛʁkl/ |
cercles /sɛʁkl/ |
cercle /sɛʁkl/ |
cerclons /sɛʁ.klɔ̃/ |
cerclez /sɛʁ.kle/ |
cerclent /sɛʁkl/ |
| imperfect | cerclais /sɛʁ.klɛ/ |
cerclais /sɛʁ.klɛ/ |
cerclait /sɛʁ.klɛ/ |
cerclions /sɛʁ.kli.jɔ̃/ |
cercliez /sɛʁ.kli.je/ |
cerclaient /sɛʁ.klɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | cerclai /sɛʁ.kle/ |
cerclas /sɛʁ.kla/ |
cercla /sɛʁ.kla/ |
cerclâmes /sɛʁ.klam/ |
cerclâtes /sɛʁ.klat/ |
cerclèrent /sɛʁ.klɛʁ/ | |
| future | cerclerai /sɛʁ.klə.ʁe/ |
cercleras /sɛʁ.klə.ʁa/ |
cerclera /sɛʁ.klə.ʁa/ |
cerclerons /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɔ̃/ |
cerclerez /sɛʁ.klə.ʁe/ |
cercleront /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | cerclerais /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ |
cerclerais /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ |
cerclerait /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ |
cerclerions /sɛʁ.klə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
cercleriez /sɛʁ.klə.ʁje/ |
cercleraient /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | cercle /sɛʁkl/ |
cercles /sɛʁkl/ |
cercle /sɛʁkl/ |
cerclions /sɛʁ.kli.jɔ̃/ |
cercliez /sɛʁ.kli.je/ |
cerclent /sɛʁkl/ |
| imperfect2 | cerclasse /sɛʁ.klas/ |
cerclasses /sɛʁ.klas/ |
cerclât /sɛʁ.kla/ |
cerclassions /sɛʁ.kla.sjɔ̃/ |
cerclassiez /sɛʁ.kla.sje/ |
cerclassent /sɛʁ.klas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | cercle /sɛʁkl/ |
— | cerclons /sɛʁ.klɔ̃/ |
cerclez /sɛʁ.kle/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
References edit
Further reading edit
- “cercler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.