dér

See also: der, dêr, dër, děr, -der, and der-

Danish

Adverb

dér

1. der, with emphasis

Hungarian

Etymology

Of unknown origin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdeːr]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eːr

Noun

dér (usually uncountable, plural derek)

1. frost

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	dér	derek
accusative	deret	dereket
dative	dérnek	dereknek
instrumental	dérrel	derekkel
causal-final	dérért	derekért
translative	dérré	derekké
terminative	dérig	derekig
essive-formal	dérként	derekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	dérben	derekben
superessive	déren	dereken
adessive	dérnél	dereknél
illative	dérbe	derekbe
sublative	dérre	derekre
allative	dérhez	derekhez
elative	dérből	derekből
delative	dérről	derekről
ablative	dértől	derektől
non-attributive possessive - singular	déré	dereké
non-attributive possessive - plural	déréi	derekéi

Possessive forms of dér
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	derem	dereim
2nd person sing.	dered	dereid
3rd person sing.	dere	derei
1st person plural	derünk	dereink
2nd person plural	deretek	dereitek
3rd person plural	derük	dereik

Derived terms

• deres

 

See also

• zúzmara

 

Further reading

• dér in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• dér in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• dǽr (Milan glosses)

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *dakrom, from Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru. Celtic cognates include Welsh deigryn and Cornish dager. More distant Indo-European relatives include Old Norse tár, Old Armenian արտասուք (artasukʻ), Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru), and Latin lacrima.

Noun

dér n (nominative plural dér)

1. tear, teardrop (from the eyes)
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23^a13

     .i. robtar lugu na dǽr quam ad·fiadatar.

     i.e. the tears were fewer than are related.

   • c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 66, pages 115-179:

     Níco[n]·tald-som iarum dér dia gruad statim co·tánic dochum Findio.

     Immediately thereafter, he did not wipe the tear from his cheek until he came to Findio.

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dérN	dérN	dérL, déra
Vocative	dérN	dérN	dérL, déra
Accusative	dérN	dérN	dérL, déra
Genitive	déirL	dér	dérN
Dative	dérL	déraib	déraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: dér f
  • Irish: deoir
  • Scottish Gaelic: deur
  • Manx: jeir

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
dér	dér pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/	ndér
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dér”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language