Galician
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Pronunciation
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- IPA(key): /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
- IPA(key): (standard) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
- IPA(key): (seseo) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]
- Rhymes: -eɾ
- Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer
endurecer (first-person singular present endurezo, first-person singular preterite endurecín, past participle endurecido)
endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endurecim or endureci, past participle endurecido, reintegrationist norm)
- to harden
Conjugation
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Conjugation of endurecer (c-z alternation)
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Singular
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Plural
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First-person (eu)
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Second-person (ti / tu)
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Third-person (ele / ela / você)
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First-person (nós)
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Second-person (vós)
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Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
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Infinitive
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Impersonal
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endurecer
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Personal
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endurecer
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endureceres
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endurecer
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endurecermos
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endurecerdes
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endurecerem
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Gerund
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endurecendo
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Past participle
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Masculine
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endurecido
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endurecidos
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Feminine
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endurecida
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endurecidas
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Indicative
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Present
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endureço
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endureces
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endurece
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endurecemos
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endurecedes, endureceis
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endurecem
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Imperfect
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endurecia
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endurecias
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endurecia
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endurecíamos
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endurecíades, endurecíeis, endurecíais1
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endureciam
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Preterite
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endurecim, endureci
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endureceste, endureceche1
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endureceu
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endurecemos
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endurecestes
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endurecêrom, endureceram
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Pluperfect
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endurecera
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endureceras
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endurecera
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endurecêramos
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endurecêrades, endurecêreis, endurecêrais1
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endureceram
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Future
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endurecerei
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endurecerás
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endurecerá
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endureceremos
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endureceredes, endurecereis
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endurecerám, endurecerão
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Conditional
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endureceria
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endurecerias
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endureceria
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endureceríamos
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endureceríades, endureceríeis, endureceríais1
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endureceriam
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Subjunctive
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Present
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endureça
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endureças
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endureça
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endureçamos
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endureçades, endureçais
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endureçam
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Imperfect
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endurecesse
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endurecesses
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endurecesse
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endurecêssemos
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endurecêssedes, endurecêsseis
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endurecessem
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Future
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endurecer
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endureceres
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endurecer
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endurecermos
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endurecerdes
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endurecerem
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Imperative
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Affirmative
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endurece
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endureça
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endureçamos
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endurecede, endurecei
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endureçam
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Negative (nom)
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nom endureças
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nom endureça
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nom endureçamos
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nom endureçades, nom endureçais
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nom endureçam
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Derived terms
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Further reading
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Portuguese
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Etymology
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From Latin indūrēscere, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- + duro (“hard”) + -ecer. Compare Spanish endurecer.
Pronunciation
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- (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]
- (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/
- Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer
endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endureci, past participle endurecido)
- to harden
- to strengthen
Conjugation
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Derived terms
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Further reading
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- “endurecer” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
Etymology
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From Latin indūrēscere, present active infinitive of indūrēscō, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- + duro + -ecer.
Pronunciation
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- IPA(key): (Spain) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
- IPA(key): (Latin America) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]
- Rhymes: -eɾ
- Syllabification: en‧du‧re‧cer
endurecer (first-person singular present endurezco, first-person singular preterite endurecí, past participle endurecido)
- (transitive, reflexive) to harden, to toughen, make hard
Conjugation
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1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
Selected combined forms of endurecer (c-zc alternation)
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
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singular
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plural
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1st person
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2nd person
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3rd person
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1st person
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2nd person
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3rd person
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with infinitive endurecer
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dative
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endurecerme
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endurecerte
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endurecerle, endurecerse
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endurecernos
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endureceros
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endurecerles, endurecerse
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accusative
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endurecerme
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endurecerte
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endurecerlo, endurecerla, endurecerse
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endurecernos
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endureceros
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endurecerlos, endurecerlas, endurecerse
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with gerund endureciendo
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dative
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endureciéndome
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endureciéndote
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endureciéndole, endureciéndose
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endureciéndonos
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endureciéndoos
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endureciéndoles, endureciéndose
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accusative
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endureciéndome
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endureciéndote
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endureciéndolo, endureciéndola, endureciéndose
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endureciéndonos
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endureciéndoos
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endureciéndolos, endureciéndolas, endureciéndose
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with informal second-person singular tú imperative endurece
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dative
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enduréceme
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endurécete
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endurécele
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endurécenos
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not used
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enduréceles
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accusative
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enduréceme
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endurécete
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endurécelo, endurécela
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endurécenos
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not used
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endurécelos, endurécelas
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with informal second-person singular vos imperative endurecé
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dative
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endureceme
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endurecete
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endurecele
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endurecenos
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not used
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endureceles
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accusative
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endureceme
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endurecete
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endurecelo, endurecela
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endurecenos
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not used
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endurecelos, endurecelas
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with formal second-person singular imperative endurezca
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dative
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endurézcame
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not used
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endurézcale, endurézcase
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endurézcanos
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not used
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endurézcales
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accusative
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endurézcame
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not used
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endurézcalo, endurézcala, endurézcase
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endurézcanos
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not used
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endurézcalos, endurézcalas
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with first-person plural imperative endurezcamos
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dative
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not used
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endurezcámoste
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endurezcámosle
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endurezcámonos
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endurezcámoos
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endurezcámosles
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accusative
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not used
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endurezcámoste
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endurezcámoslo, endurezcámosla
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endurezcámonos
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endurezcámoos
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endurezcámoslos, endurezcámoslas
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with informal second-person plural imperative endureced
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dative
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endurecedme
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not used
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endurecedle
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endurecednos
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endureceos
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endurecedles
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accusative
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endurecedme
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not used
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endurecedlo, endurecedla
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endurecednos
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endureceos
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endurecedlos, endurecedlas
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with formal second-person plural imperative endurezcan
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dative
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endurézcanme
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not used
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endurézcanle
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endurézcannos
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not used
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endurézcanles, endurézcanse
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accusative
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endurézcanme
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not used
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endurézcanlo, endurézcanla
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endurézcannos
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not used
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endurézcanlos, endurézcanlas, endurézcanse
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Derived terms
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Related terms
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Further reading
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