liber
EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
NounEdit
liber (countable and uncountable, plural libers)
- (botany) The inner bark of plants, next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is the part from which the fibre of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for liber in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)
AnagramsEdit
CzechEdit
FrenchEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
liber m (plural libers)
Further readingEdit
- “liber” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
AnagramsEdit
LatinEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Latin loeber, from Proto-Italic *louðeros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeros, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“people”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros), Sanskrit रोधति (rodhati), Dutch lieden, German Leute, Russian люди (ljudi, “people”).
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
līber (feminine lībera, neuter līberum, comparative līberior, superlative līberrimus); first/second declension
- free, unrestricted
- Seneca Minor, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, Epistula XCII
- Nemo liber est qui corpori servit.
- No one is free who is a slave to his body.
- Nemo liber est qui corpori servit.
- Captivi ("the captives") by Plautus (English and Latin text)
- Haud istuc rogo. Fuistin liber? - Fui.
- That isn’t what I’m asking about. Were you a freeman? - I was.
- Haud istuc rogo. Fuistin liber? - Fui.
- Seneca Minor, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, Epistula XCII
InflectionEdit
First/second declension, nominative masculine singular in -er.
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| nominative | līber | lībera | līberum | līberī | līberae | lībera | |
| genitive | līberī | līberae | līberī | līberōrum | līberārum | līberōrum | |
| dative | līberō | līberō | līberīs | ||||
| accusative | līberum | līberam | līberum | līberōs | līberās | lībera | |
| ablative | līberō | līberā | līberō | līberīs | |||
| vocative | līber | lībera | līberum | līberī | līberae | lībera | |
- Genitive plural sometimes līberum
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Aragonese: libre
- Asturian: llibre, ḷḷibre, chibre
- Catalan: lliure
- Corsican: liberu, libaru
- Emilian: lébber
- English: libre
- Extremaduran: libri
- Fala: libri
- Franco-Provençal: libro
- French: libre
- Friulian: libar
- Galician: libre
Etymology 2Edit
May be from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰrós, from *lewbʰ-, *lewb-, *lewp- (“to peel, cut off, harm”), perhaps from *lew- (“to cut off”)[1]. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic лѹбъ (lubŭ, “bark of a tree”) and Lithuanian lùpti (“to peel, to shell”).[2] See also English leaf, lobby, lodge, Ancient Greek λυπή (lupḗ, “pain”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
liber m (genitive librī); second declension
- book
- the inner bark of a tree
InflectionEdit
Second declension, nominative singular in -er.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | liber | librī |
| genitive | librī | librōrum |
| dative | librō | librīs |
| accusative | librum | librōs |
| ablative | librō | librīs |
| vocative | liber1 | librī |
1May also be libre.
Alternative formsEdit
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Aragonese: libro
- Asturian: llibru
- Basque: liburu
- Breton: levr
- Catalan: llibre
- Cornish: lyver
- Corsican: libru
- Dalmatian: lebro
- Emilian: lîber
- Extremaduran: libru
- Fala: libru
- Franco-Provençal: lévro
- French: livre
- Friulian: libri
- Galician: libro
- Guinea-Bissau Creole: libru
- Ido: libro
- Irish: leabhar
- Istriot: leîbro
- Italian: libro
- Ladin: liber
- Leonese: llibru
- Ligurian: libbro
- Lombard: libar, liber, libru
- Manx: lioar
- Mirandese: lhibro, libro
- Norman: live
- Occitan: libre
- Old Portuguese: livro, libro
- Portuguese: livro
- Old Occitan: libre
- Old Spanish: libro
- Spanish: libro
- Piedmontese: lìber
- Romagnol: lìbar
- Sardinian: líbbaru, líbberu, libbru, líbburu
- Scottish Gaelic: leabhar
- Sicilian: libbru, libru
- Venetian: łìbro
- Walloon: lîv, live
- Welsh: llyfr
Etymology 3Edit
See etymology on the main entry.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
līber
ReferencesEdit
- līber, adj. in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- līber, n. in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- liber in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- liber in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
- to write a book: librum scribere, conscribere
- to compose, compile a book: librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1. 2)
- to publish a book: librum edere (Div. 1. 3. 6)
- to open a book: librum evolvere, volvere
- to dedicate a book to some one: librum mittere ad aliquem (Fin. 1. 3. 8)
- the title of a book: index, inscriptio libri
- to be engaged on a book: librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1. 1. 2)
- to take up a book in one's hands: librum in manus sumere
- to lay down a book (vid. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...): librum de manibus ponere
- to polish, finish a work with the greatest care: perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus
- (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
- to furnish a book with notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation: librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere
- (ambiguous) in the time of the Republic: libera re publica
- (ambiguous) to accept as one's own child; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education: tollere or suscipere liberos
- (ambiguous) to treat as one's own child: aliquem in liberorum loco habere
- (ambiguous) the teaching of children: disciplina (institutio) puerilis (not liberorum)
- (ambiguous) the work when translated; translation (concrete): liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus
- (ambiguous) the book is entitled 'Laelius': liber inscribitur Laelius (Off. 2. 9. 30)
- (ambiguous) Cicero says in his 'Laelius.: Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo) or in eo (not suo) libro, qui inscribitur Laelius
- (ambiguous) there exists a book on..: est liber de...
- (ambiguous) the book is still extant: exstat liber (notice the order of the words)
- (ambiguous) the book has been lost: liber intercidit, periit
- (ambiguous) a book which has been entirely lost sight of: liber deperditus
- (ambiguous) a lost book of which fragments (relliquiae, not fragmenta) remain: liber perditus
- (ambiguous) a book which is attributed to some one: liber qui fertur alicuius
- (ambiguous) the book is attributed to an unknown writer: liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem
- (ambiguous) the book treats of friendship: hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am.
- (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro continetur aliquid
- (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro scriptor complexus est aliquid
- (ambiguous) at the end of the book: in extremo libro (Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1)
- (ambiguous) to be engaged on a book: liber mihi est in manibus
- (ambiguous) the book, speech can easily be obtained: liber, oratio in manibus est
- (ambiguous) a carefully written book: liber accurate, diligenter scriptus
- (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
- (ambiguous) a very charming book: liber plenus delectationis
- (ambiguous) the frank but defiant demeanour of Socrates (before his judges): libera contumacia Socratis (Tusc. 1. 29. 71)
- (ambiguous) the Republic: libera res publica, liber populus
- (ambiguous) an independent spirit: a partibus rei publicae animus liber (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)
- (ambiguous) to enslave a free people: liberum populum servitute afficere
- (ambiguous) to grant a people its independence: populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati
- (ambiguous) the free men are sold as slaves: libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B. G. 3. 16. 4)
- (ambiguous) with wife and child: cum uxoribus et liberis
- Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
- liber in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- liber in Samuel Ball Platner (1929), Thomas Ashby, editor, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press
- liber in William Smith, editor (1848) A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
- liber in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 690
- ^ “libro” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN