Wiktionary

liber

See also: Liber, libër, li ber, and Liber.

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin liber (“the inner bark of a tree”). See libel.

NounEdit

liber (countable and uncountable, plural libers)

  1. (botany) The inner bark of plants, next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is the part from which the fibre of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.

Related termsEdit

Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “liber” in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)

AnagramsEdit

CzechEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

liber

  1. genitive plural of libra

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

liber

  1. genitive plural of libero

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin liber (“book; the inner bark of a tree”). Doublet of livre.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /li.bɛʁ/
  • Audio(file)

NounEdit

liber m (plural libers)

  1. bast (of a tree)
  2. book

Related termsEdit

Further readingEdit

AnagramsEdit

LatinEdit

 
Latin Wikipedia has articles on:
Wikipedia la

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Latin loeber, from Proto-Italic *louðeros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeros, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“people”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros), Sanskrit रोधति (ródhati), Dutch lieden, German Leute, Russian лю́ди (ljúdi, “people”).

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

līber (feminine lībera, neuter līberum, comparative līberior, superlative līberrimus, adverb līberē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

  2. free, independent, unrestricted, unchecked
    Synonym: solūtus
  3. open (not decided or settled)
  4. unbiased (pertains to lawyers)
  5. exempt, void
DeclensionEdit

First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er).

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative līber lībera līberum līberī līberae lībera
Genitive līberī līberae līberī līberōrum līberārum līberōrum
Dative līberō līberō līberīs
Accusative līberum līberam līberum līberōs līberās lībera
Ablative līberō līberā līberō līberīs
Vocative līber lībera līberum līberī līberae lībera
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit

NounEdit

līber m (genitive līberī); second declension

  1. (post-Classical) a child
DeclensionEdit

Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -er).

Case Singular Plural
Nominative līber līberī
Genitive līberī līberōrum
Dative līberō līberīs
Accusative līberum līberōs
Ablative līberō līberīs
Vocative līber līberī
Usage notesEdit

Until the post-classical era, this word was a pluralia tantum (only used in the plural). Even in the post-classical era, the singular was extremely rare in writing and for the most part, only found in the Code of Justinian. In the classical era, it seems it was used in the singular in Quintilian's Declamationes maiores 2.8.

Etymology 2Edit

From Proto-Italic *luβros, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-ró-s, from *lewbʰ- (“to peel, cut off, harm”), perhaps from *lew- (“to cut off”).[1] Cognate with Old Church Slavonic лѹбъ (lubŭ, “bark of a tree”), Lithuanian lùpti (“to peel, to shell”).[2] See also English leaf, lobby, lodge, Ancient Greek λυπή (lupḗ, “pain”).

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

liber m (genitive librī); second declension

  2. book
  4. the inner bark of a tree
DeclensionEdit

Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -er).

Case Singular Plural
Nominative liber librī
Genitive librī librōrum
Dative librō librīs
Accusative librum librōs
Ablative librō librīs
Vocative liber librī
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

līber

  1. first-person singular present passive subjunctive of lībō

ReferencesEdit

  • “līber, adj.”, in Charlton T[homas] Lewis; Charles [Lancaster] Short (1879) […] A New Latin Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Chicago, Ill.: American Book Company; Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • “līber, n.”, in Charlton T[homas] Lewis; Charles [Lancaster] Short (1879) […] A New Latin Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Chicago, Ill.: American Book Company; Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • “liber”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • liber in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
  • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
    • to write a book: librum scribere, conscribere
    • to compose, compile a book: librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1. 2)
    • to publish a book: librum edere (Div. 1. 3. 6)
    • to open a book: librum evolvere, volvere
    • to dedicate a book to some one: librum mittere ad aliquem (Fin. 1. 3. 8)
    • the title of a book: index, inscriptio libri
    • to be engaged on a book: librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1. 1. 2)
    • to take up a book in one's hands: librum in manus sumere
    • to lay down a book (vid. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...): librum de manibus ponere
    • to polish, finish a work with the greatest care: perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus
    • (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
    • to furnish a book with notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation: librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere
    • (ambiguous) in the time of the Republic: libera re publica
    • (ambiguous) to accept as one's own child; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education: tollere or suscipere liberos
    • (ambiguous) to treat as one's own child: aliquem in liberorum loco habere
    • (ambiguous) the teaching of children: disciplina (institutio) puerilis (not liberorum)
    • (ambiguous) the work when translated; translation (concrete): liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus
    • (ambiguous) the book is entitled 'Laelius': liber inscribitur Laelius (Off. 2. 9. 30)
    • (ambiguous) Cicero says in his 'Laelius.: Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo) or in eo (not suo) libro, qui inscribitur Laelius
    • (ambiguous) there exists a book on..: est liber de...
    • (ambiguous) the book is still extant: exstat liber (notice the order of the words)
    • (ambiguous) the book has been lost: liber intercidit, periit
    • (ambiguous) a book which has been entirely lost sight of: liber deperditus
    • (ambiguous) a lost book of which fragments (relliquiae, not fragmenta) remain: liber perditus
    • (ambiguous) a book which is attributed to some one: liber qui fertur alicuius
    • (ambiguous) the book is attributed to an unknown writer: liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem
    • (ambiguous) the book treats of friendship: hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am.
    • (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro continetur aliquid
    • (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro scriptor complexus est aliquid
    • (ambiguous) at the end of the book: in extremo libro (Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1)
    • (ambiguous) to be engaged on a book: liber mihi est in manibus
    • (ambiguous) the book, speech can easily be obtained: liber, oratio in manibus est
    • (ambiguous) a carefully written book: liber accurate, diligenter scriptus
    • (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
    • (ambiguous) a very charming book: liber plenus delectationis
    • (ambiguous) the frank but defiant demeanour of Socrates (before his judges): libera contumacia Socratis (Tusc. 1. 29. 71)
    • (ambiguous) the Republic: libera res publica, liber populus
    • (ambiguous) an independent spirit: a partibus rei publicae animus liber (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)
    • (ambiguous) to enslave a free people: liberum populum servitute afficere
    • (ambiguous) to grant a people its independence: populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati
    • (ambiguous) the free men are sold as slaves: libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B. G. 3. 16. 4)
    • (ambiguous) with wife and child: cum uxoribus et liberis
  • “liber”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “liber”, in Samuel Ball Platner (1929), Thomas Ashby, editor, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press
  • “liber”, in William Smith, editor (1848) A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
  • “liber”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 690
  2. ^ “libro” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN

LombardEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Akin to Italian libero, from Latin liber.

AdjectiveEdit

liber

  1. free

Etymology 2Edit

Akin to Italian libro, from Latin liber.

NounEdit

liber

  1. book

RomanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowed from Latin liber, French libre (19th century). Aromanian libir appears to be inherited.

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

liber m or n (feminine singular liberă, masculine plural liberi, feminine and neuter plural libere)

  1. free, at liberty

DeclensionEdit

Declension of liber
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative/
accusative 		indefinite liber liberă liberi libere
definite liberul libera liberii liberele
genitive/
dative 		indefinite liber libere liberi libere
definite liberului liberei liberilor liberelor

SynonymsEdit

Related termsEdit

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