perfringo

Latin

Etymology

From per- +‎ frangō (“break”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /perˈfrin.ɡoː/, [pɛrˈfrɪŋɡoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /perˈfrin.ɡo/, [perˈfriŋɡo]

Verb

perfringō (present infinitive perfringere, perfect active perfrēgī, supine perfrāctum); third conjugation

1. to break or shatter

   Synonym: *perfinō

   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.25:

     Milites loco superiore pilis missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt.

     [His] soldiers, hurling their javelins from the higher ground, easily broke the enemy’s phalanx.

2. to break through (an obstacle)
3. to violate or infringe

Conjugation

Conjugation of perfringō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	perfringō	perfringis	perfringit	perfringimus	perfringitis	perfringunt
	imperfect	perfringēbam	perfringēbās	perfringēbat	perfringēbāmus	perfringēbātis	perfringēbant
	future	perfringam	perfringēs	perfringet	perfringēmus	perfringētis	perfringent
	perfect	perfrēgī	perfrēgistī	perfrēgit	perfrēgimus	perfrēgistis	perfrēgērunt, perfrēgēre
	pluperfect	perfrēgeram	perfrēgerās	perfrēgerat	perfrēgerāmus	perfrēgerātis	perfrēgerant
	future perfect	perfrēgerō	perfrēgeris	perfrēgerit	perfrēgerimus	perfrēgeritis	perfrēgerint
passive	present	perfringor	perfringeris, perfringere	perfringitur	perfringimur	perfringiminī	perfringuntur
	imperfect	perfringēbar	perfringēbāris, perfringēbāre	perfringēbātur	perfringēbāmur	perfringēbāminī	perfringēbantur
	future	perfringar	perfringēris, perfringēre	perfringētur	perfringēmur	perfringēminī	perfringentur
	perfect	perfrāctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	perfrāctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	perfrāctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	perfringam	perfringās	perfringat	perfringāmus	perfringātis	perfringant
	imperfect	perfringerem	perfringerēs	perfringeret	perfringerēmus	perfringerētis	perfringerent
	perfect	perfrēgerim	perfrēgerīs	perfrēgerit	perfrēgerīmus	perfrēgerītis	perfrēgerint
	pluperfect	perfrēgissem	perfrēgissēs	perfrēgisset	perfrēgissēmus	perfrēgissētis	perfrēgissent
passive	present	perfringar	perfringāris, perfringāre	perfringātur	perfringāmur	perfringāminī	perfringantur
	imperfect	perfringerer	perfringerēris, perfringerēre	perfringerētur	perfringerēmur	perfringerēminī	perfringerentur
	perfect	perfrāctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	perfrāctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	perfringe	—	—	perfringite	—
	future	—	perfringitō	perfringitō	—	perfringitōte	perfringuntō
passive	present	—	perfringere	—	—	perfringiminī	—
	future	—	perfringitor	perfringitor	—	—	perfringuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		perfringere	perfrēgisse	perfrāctūrum esse	perfringī	perfrāctum esse	perfrāctum īrī
participles		perfringēns	—	perfrāctūrus	—	perfrāctus	perfringendus, perfringundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		perfringendī	perfringendō	perfringendum	perfringendō	perfrāctum	perfrāctū

References

• “perfringo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “perfringo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• perfringo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to break through the phalanx: phalangem perfringere