virulent
English edit
Etymology edit
PIE word |
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*wisós |
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms],[1] borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”)[2] (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.[2][3]
Pronunciation edit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈvɪɹ(j)ʊl(ə)nt/, /-ɹ(j)ə-/
Audio (Southern England) (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/
- Hyphenation: vi‧ru‧lent
Adjective edit
virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)
- Of animals, plants, or substances: extremely venomous or poisonous.
- Antonyms: harmless, nonvirulent
- (figurative) Extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious.
- The politicians were virulent in their hatred of the president.
- c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.:
- More venemous and much more virulent / Then any poyſoned tode, or any ſerpent.
- 1963, Margery Allingham, “The Well House”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 105:
- It was a casual sneer, obviously one of a long line. There was hatred behind it, but of a quiet, chronic type, nothing new or unduly virulent, and he was taken aback by the flicker of amazed incredulity that passed over the younger man's ravaged face.
- (medicine) Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host.
- Antonyms: benign, nonvirulent
- (microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis. [from 1953]
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Translations edit
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See also edit
References edit
- ^ “vīrulent, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “virulent, adj.”, in OED Online , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1917; “virulent, adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- ^ F[rançois] Jacob; A[ndré Michel] Lwoff; A. Siminovich; É[lie] Wollman (January 1953), “Définition de Quelques Termes Relatifs a la Lysogénie [Definition of Some Terms Relating to Lysogeny]”, in Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, volume 84, issue 1, Paris: Masson et Cie, […], →OCLC, page 223: “Phage virulent. – Phage incapable de donner des systèmes lysogénes.”
Further reading edit
Anagrams edit
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Latin vīrulentus.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
virulent (feminine virulenta, masculine plural virulents, feminine plural virulentes)
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “virulent” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “virulent”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “virulent” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “virulent” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Danish edit
Etymology edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Adjective edit
virulent (plural and definite singular attributive virulente)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Further reading edit
French edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Late Latin virulentus. The second sense is probably a semantic loan from English.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
virulent (feminine virulente, masculine plural virulents, feminine plural virulentes)
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “virulent”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
German edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Latin virulentus.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
virulent (strong nominative masculine singular virulenter, not comparable)
Declension edit
Further reading edit
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French virulent, from Latin virulentus.
Adjective edit
virulent m or n (feminine singular virulentă, masculine plural virulenți, feminine and neuter plural virulente)
Declension edit
singular | plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | ||
nominative/ accusative |
indefinite | virulent | virulentă | virulenți | virulente | ||
definite | virulentul | virulenta | virulenții | virulentele | |||
genitive/ dative |
indefinite | virulent | virulente | virulenți | virulente | ||
definite | virulentului | virulentei | virulenților | virulentelor |