χάος
Ancient Greek edit
Pronunciation edit
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰá.os/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkʰa.os/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
Etymology 1 edit
Uncertain. Has traditionally been connected to χαίνω (khaínō), χάσκω (kháskō, “I gape, yawn”) (< Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-) or χώρα (khṓra, “open space, place”), in the latter case likely Pre-Greek. Beekes additionally compares Baltic and Germanic words for “palate” (originally “mouth”?): Old High German guomo, goumo, Old Norse gómr, Lithuanian gomurỹs, possibly from PIE *ǵʰeh₂-mr/n-.
Noun edit
χᾰ́ος • (kháos) n (genitive χᾰ́εος or χᾰ́ους); third declension (singular only, uncountable)
Declension edit
Normally, only in singular; but χάη occasionally found.
Descendants edit
- Greek: χάος (cháos)
- → English: chaos
- → Armenian: քաոս (kʻaos)
- → Dutch: gas
- → Georgian: ქაოსი (kaosi)
- → Latin: chaos
- → Russian: ха́о́с (xáós)
- → Old Ruthenian: хаосъ (xaos)
- → Norwegian: kaos
- → Danish: kaos
- → Polish: chaos
- → Swedish: kaos
- → Finnish: kaaos
- → Japanese: カオス
- → Turkish: kaos
Etymology 2 edit
Adjective edit
χᾰ́ος • (kháos) m or f (neuter χᾰ́ον); second declension
- Alternative spelling of χάϊος (kháïos) "genuine, true"
Declension edit
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative | χᾰ́ος kháos |
χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́οι kháoi |
χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Genitive | χᾰ́ου kháou |
χᾰ́ου kháou |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́ων kháōn |
χᾰ́ων kháōn | ||||||||
Dative | χᾰ́ῳ kháōi |
χᾰ́ῳ kháōi |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́οιν kháoin |
χᾰ́οις kháois |
χᾰ́οις kháois | ||||||||
Accusative | χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ους kháous |
χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Vocative | χᾰ́ε kháe |
χᾰ́ον kháon |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́ω kháō |
χᾰ́οι kháoi |
χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
χᾰ́ως kháōs |
χᾰώτερος khaṓteros |
χᾰώτᾰτος khaṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
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Further reading edit
- “χάος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χάος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- χάος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,006
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χάος, -εος, -ους”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1614
- Furnée, Edzard Johan (1979) Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches: Studien zum ostmediterranen Substrat nebst einem Versuch zu einer neuen pelasgischen Theorie (in German), Editions Peeters, →ISBN, page 34, connects χᾰ́ος (kháos, “the primordial state of existence, space, abyss”) with Proto-Georgian-Zan *qew- (“ravine”)
Greek edit
Etymology edit
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos). For sense disorder, mess, semantic loan from French chaos (in that sense) from Latin chaos, from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos).[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
χάος • (cháos) n
- (singular only) chaos
- (singular only, figuratively) disorder, mess
- (singular only, mathematics) chaos
Usage notes edit
- Kostas Karyotakis, poem «Φύγε, η καρδιά μου νοσταλγεί» ("Go, my heart is nostalgic") from collection Ελεγεία και Σάτιρες (Elegia and Satires), published in 1927. (Greek text)
- Φύγε κι ἄσε με μοναχό, ποὺ βλέπω νὰ πληθαίνη
ἀπάνω ἡ νύχτα, καὶ βαθιὰ νὰ γίνωνται τὰ χάη.- Fýge ki áse me monachó, pou vlépo na plithaíni
apáno i nýchta, kai vathiá na gínontai ta chái. - Go and leave me alone looking at the growing
night upon [me], and the deepening chaoses.
- Fýge ki áse me monachó, pou vlépo na plithaíni
- Kostas Karyotakis, poem «Φύγε, η καρδιά μου νοσταλγεί» ("Go, my heart is nostalgic") from collection Ελεγεία και Σάτιρες (Elegia and Satires), published in 1927. (Greek text)
Declension edit
case \ number | singular | |
---|---|---|
nominative | χάος • | |
genitive | χάους • | |
accusative | χάος • | |
vocative | χάος • | |
Plural χάη, as in literature. |
Synonyms edit
- (disorder, chaos): ακαταστασία f (akatastasía)
Derived terms edit
- η θεωρία του χάους (i theoría tou cháous, “the chaos theory”) (mathematics)
- χαοτικός (chaotikós, “chaotic”)
References edit
- ^ “χάος”, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998
- ^ χάη in greek poetry at greek-language.gr retr:2018.09.24.
Further reading edit
- χάος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies
- Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek nouns
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek neuter nouns
- Ancient Greek third-declension nouns
- Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the third declension
- Ancient Greek singularia tantum
- Ancient Greek uncountable nouns
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Greek terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Greek learned borrowings from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek semantic loans from French
- Greek terms derived from French
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek nouns
- Greek neuter nouns
- Greek singularia tantum
- el:Mathematics
- Greek terms with quotations
- Greek nouns declining like 'θέρος'