筷子
Chinese edit
chopstick | child; son; (noun suffix) child; son; (noun suffix); small thing; seed; egg; 1st earthly branch; 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (筷子) | 筷 | 子 | |
simp. #(筷子) | 筷 | 子 | |
alternative forms | 快子 |
Etymology edit
The Old Chinese words for "chopsticks" were 箸 (OC *das) and 梜 (OC *keːb). 箸 is preserved in almost all Min dialects (Taiwanese tī, tū; Fuzhou dê̤ṳ) and some other dialects, especially those in some contact with Min; it is also preserved in loans to other languages, e.g. Korean 젓가락 (jeotgarak), Vietnamese đũa and Zhuang dawh. Starting from the Ming Dynasty, the change to 筷子 occurred in Mandarin, Wu and some Cantonese dialects. The 15th century book Shuyuan Miscellanies (《菽園雜記》) by Lu Rong (陸容) mentioned this change:
- 如舟行諱「住」……,以「箸」為「快兒」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- Rú zhōuháng huì “zhù”......, yǐ “zhù” wéi “kuàir” [Pinyin]
- As mariners regarded 住 (zhù, “to stay; to stop (in the sea)”) as a taboo […], they called 箸 (zhù, “chopsticks”) 快兒 (lit. "quick + diminutive suffix").
如舟行讳「住」……,以「箸」为「快儿」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
The bamboo radical (竹) was later added to 快 to form 筷.
Pronunciation edit
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kuai4 zi3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): куэзы (kuezɨ, III-I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faai3 zi2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): fai1 du2
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faai3 zi2
- Gan (Wiktionary): kuai3 zi
- Jin (Wiktionary): kuai3 zeh
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 1khue-tsy; 1khua-tsy
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): kuai4 zr
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄞˋ ˙ㄗ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kuàizi̊h
- Wade–Giles: kʻuai4-tzŭ5
- Yale: kwài-dz
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuay.tzy
- Palladius: куайцзы (kuajczy)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu̯aɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: kuai4 zi3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kuaiz
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰuai²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: куэзы (kuezɨ, III-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰuɛ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: faai3 zi2
- Yale: faai jí
- Cantonese Pinyin: faai3 dzi2
- Guangdong Romanization: fai3 ji2
- Sinological IPA (key): /faːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: fai1 du2
- Sinological IPA (key): /fai³³ tu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: kuai3 zi
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰuai²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: kuai3 zeh
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰxuai⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: kuai4 zr
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu̯ai̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/
- (Changsha)
Noun edit
筷子
- chopsticks (Classifier: 雙/双 m c; 對/对 m c; 把 m; 副 m; 根 m; 枝 c; 隻/只 c)
- 用筷子吃飯/用筷子吃饭 ― yòng kuàizi chīfàn ― to eat with chopsticks
- 一次性筷子 [Beijing Mandarin] ― yīcìxìng kuàizi [Pinyin] ― disposable chopsticks
- 免洗筷子 [Taiwanese Mandarin] ― miǎnxǐ kuàizi [Pinyin] ― disposable chopsticks
Synonyms edit
Dialectal synonyms of 筷子 (“chopsticks”) [map]
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Classifier edit
筷子
- Classifier for an amount of food held with a pair of chopsticks.
- 2019, 马可·博格斯 [Marco Borges], translated by 黄温馨 and 陈思鹏, 《终生健身:找回灵活使用身体的本能》 [Power Moves: The Four Motions to Transform Your Body for Life], Beijing: 中国友谊出版公司, →ISBN, page 237:
Synonyms edit
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