閒

See also: 闲, 閑, 間, and 𫔮

閒	U+9592, 閒 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9592

← 閑
[U+9591]

CJK Unified Ideographs

間 →
[U+9593]

Translingual

Traditional	閒
Simplified	闲
Japanese	閑
Korean	閑

Han character

閒 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓月 (ANB), four-corner 7722₇, composition ⿵門月)

Derived characters

僩(𰂎), 嫺, 𡼥, 憪(𰑥), 撊(𪭾), 㵎, 𤡥, 橌, 𣩞, 燗, 𦠥, 瞯(𰥨), 礀, 襉, 𮇻, 繝, 𧤽, 譋, 𧯎, 𨆀, 𨎫, 𨣇, 鐗, 𩦂, 𩻘, 𪙩
覵, 鷳, 蕑, 𥳑, 鬜, 癇

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1332, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41248
Dae Jaweon: page 1838, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4289, character 6
Unihan data for U+9592

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 閒
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + 月 (“moon”) – moonlight peeking through a door – interstice; space (original character of 間).

Etymology 1

trad.		閒/閑^*
simp.		闲^*
nonstandard simp.		𫔮

Karlgren (1957) and Baxter (1992) connect this word with 間 (OC *kreːn, “interstice time”).

Alternatively, Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 暇 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be at leisure”).

Schuessler (2007) considers this unrelated to 間 (OC *kreːn, *kreːns), and instead proposes that this is borrowed from Tai languages, akin to Thai คร้าน (kráan, “lazy; indolent”). 懶 (OC *raːnʔ, “lazy”) may be a colloquial reflex of the same word (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xián (xian²)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haan⁴ / haan^4-2

(Taishan, Wiktionary): han³
Gan (Wiktionary): han²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hàn

(Meixian, Guangdong): han²
Jin (Wiktionary): xie¹
Northern Min (KCR): ǎing
Eastern Min (BUC): èng / hàng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): êng / ûiⁿ / âiⁿ / hân

(Teochew, Peng'im): oin⁵ / ain⁵
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶ghe; ⁶yi / ²ghe
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xián
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sián
  - Wade–Giles: hsien²
  - Yale: syán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
  - Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xian²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haan⁴ / haan^4-2
  - Yale: hàahn / háan
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haan⁴ / haan^4-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: han⁴ / han^4-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːn²¹/, /haːn²¹⁻³⁵/

Note: haan4-2 - “player”.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: han³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /han²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: han²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /han²⁴/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: hanˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: han²
  - Sinological IPA: /han¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: han²
  - Sinological IPA: /han¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǎing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: èng / hàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛiŋ⁵³/, /haŋ⁵³/

Note:

èng - vernacular;
hàng - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: êng
  - Tâi-lô: îng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eeng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /iɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: uînn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: vuii
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /uĩ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kinmen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: âinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: vaai
  - IPA (Kinmen): /ãi²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân
  - Tâi-lô: hân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haan
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /han²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /han²³/

Note:

êng/ûiⁿ/âiⁿ - vernacular;
hân - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: oin⁵ / ain⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ôiⁿ / âiⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /õĩ⁵⁵/, /ãĩ⁵⁵/

Note:

ain5 - Jieyang, Chaoyang, Pontianak;
oin5 - other places.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ghe; ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: ghe^去; yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhe; ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦe²³/, /ɦi²³/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ²ghe
  - MiniDict: ghe^平
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦe²²³/

Note:

3hhe - vernacular;
3hhi - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: han²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 閒
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xã²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕiã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xiɛn²¹³/ 休～ /xan²¹³/ 不得～
	Chengdu	/ɕian³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ɕien²⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ɕiɑŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ɕie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/ /ɦi²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie⁴⁴/ /xɛ⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/xɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/xan¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɦan¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/han²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/han¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑn¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/han²¹/
	Nanning	/hɛn²¹/
	Hong Kong	/han²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ham³⁵/ /hiŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ɛiŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/aiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/õi⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/haŋ³¹/ /ai³¹/

Middle Chinese: hean

Rime
Character	閒
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	山 (73)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	戸閒切
Baxter	hean
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨn/
Li Rong	/ɣɛn/
Wang Li	/ɣæn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤre[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閒
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛn ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kˁre[n]/
English	idle
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閒
Reading #	1/1
No.	13531
Phonetic component	閑
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	閑
Old Chinese	/*ɡreːn/

Definitions

閒

not busy; idle
噇飽恰閒。 [Eastern Min, trad.]
噇饱恰闲。 [Eastern Min, simp.]
Chòng bā kák-èng. / [t͡sʰouŋ⁵³ pa³³ kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ɛiŋ⁵³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
Have nothing else to do. / Don't you have nothing else to do? / Mind your own concerns/business.
vacant; unoccupied; unused
leisurely and carefree
trivial; unimportant
unrelated to one's proper business; extraneous; belonging to others
relaxed; peaceful; tranquil; calm
leisure; spare time; free time
(gambling) player (instead of banker)
a surname
(Hakka) Alternative form of 還／还 (“very”)

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “not busy”): 忙 (máng)

Compounds

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 閒 – see 間 (“among; between; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 間).

References

“閒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Korean

Hanja

閒 • (han, gan) (hangeul 한, 간, revised han, gan, McCune–Reischauer han, kan, Yale han, kan)

leisure, idle
peaceful, tranquil, calm

Vietnamese

Han character

閒: Hán Nôm readings: gian, nhàn, gián

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