Proto-Iranian
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Etymology
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From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts . Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- ( “ to warm up, to be hot ” ) .[1] [2] Cognate with Latin caleō ( “ to be warm ” ) .
*carHdáh f
autumn , summer
year
Derived terms
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*nawahcarHdah ( “ new year ” )
Khwarezmian: نوسارڅ ( nwsʾrc /nawsārc/ )
Sogdian: *nawēsarδ
→ Classical Persian: نوسرذ ( nawsarδ , “ the new year celecbration ” ) ( Albiruni's books )
Parthian: *nawāgsarδ
→ Old Armenian: նաւասարդ ( nawasard )
→ Aramaic: [script needed] ( nwsrdʾ /nawsardā/ , “ new year ” )
Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] ( nwksʾł /nōgsāl/ )
Classical Persian: نوسال ( nawsāl )
Dari: نوسال ( nawsāl )
Iranian Persian: نوسال ( nowsāl )
Tajik: навсол ( navsol )
*upacarHdáh ( “ spring ” )
Sogdian: ܐܦܣܐܪܠ ( ʾpsʾrδ /əpsarδ/ , “ the new year festival ” )
Pashto: پسرلۍ ( pserláy , “ spring ” )
Yidgha: فسیدرو ( fsīdro , “ spring ” )
Mazanderani: اوسر ( avasor , “ spring ” )
Talysh: ( /avasōr/ , “ spring ” )
Latin script: əvəsor
Arabic script: اوسور
Parthian: *aβsarδ
→ Old Armenian: աւսարդ ( awsard )
Zazaki: usar ( usār , “ spring ” )
Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] ( ʾpsʾł /afsāl/ , “ spring; new year festival, spring festival ” )
Descendants
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Central Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 ( sarə δa , “ year ” )
Northeastern Iranian:
Proto-Scythian:
Ossetian: ( “ summer ” )
Digor Ossetian: сӕрдӕ ( særdæ )
Iron Ossetian: сӕрд ( særd )
Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
Khotanese: [script needed] ( salä )
Wakhi: wəsərd
Sogdo-Bactrian:
Bactrian: σαρλο ( sarlo )
Khwarezmian: سرذ ( srδ /*sarδ/ )
Sogdian: ( /sarδ/ )
Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡𐫔 ( srδ ) , 𐫘𐫡𐫕 ( srδδ )
Sogdian script: 𐼼𐽀𐼹 ( srδ )
Syriac script: ܣܪܕ ( srd ) , ܫܢܬ ( ŠNT )
Southeastern Iranian:
Pashto: پشېرلی ( pšerláy , “ young ram in the second year ” ) , پشېرلی ( pšerlë́y , “ young ewe in the second year ” )
Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
Yidgha: اسال ( asāl )
Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
Shughni: асӣд̌ ( asīδ ) , асӣд ( asīd ) , ( Khufi, Rushani ) [script needed] ( asoδ ) , [script needed] ( asöδ )
Yazghulami: асуд̌ ( asuδ ) , асу̊д̌ ( asůδ )
Northwestern Iranian:
Baluchi: سال ( sál )
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: sal
Central Kurdish: ساڵ ( sall )
Southern Kurdish: ساڵ ( sall )
Laki: ساڵ ( sall )
Medo-Parthian:
Caspian:
Mazanderani: سال ( sāl )
Gilaki: سال ( sāl )
Parthian: ( /sarδ, sār/ )
Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 ( sʾr )
Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭔𐭍𐭕 ( ŠNT )
Proto-Tatic:
Talysh:
Latin script: sor
Arabic script: سور
Old Tati:
Old Azari: سور ( sōr )
Harzani: سور ( sor )
Karingani: سور ( sōr )
Zaza-Gurani:
Southwestern Iranian:
Old Persian: 𐎰𐎼𐎭 ( θ-r-d /θrda/ , “ year ” ) Middle Persian: ( /sāl/ ) Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 ( sʾr ) Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] ( ŠNT ) Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 ( ŠNT ) Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 ( ŠNT ) Lurish:Northern Luri: سال ( sāl ) Bakhtiari: سال ( sāl ) Southern Luri: سال ( sāl ) Classical Persian: سال ( sāl ) → Hindi: साल ( sāl ) → Urdu: سال ( sāl ) Iranian Persian: سال ( sāl ) Dari: سال ( sāl ) Tajik: сол ( sol ) Bukhari: סאָל ( sol ) Judeo-Tat:Cyrillic script: сал ( sal ) Hebrew script: סל ( sl )
Southwestern Fars:
Old Kazeruni: ثل ( θal ) ( in older orthography ) [3]
References
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^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001 ) “śarád- ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan ][1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 616
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008 ) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon ] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 414
^ Adib Tusi, M.A., 1381 AP / 2002 AD. Lahjeye Kâzeruniye qadim, Kâzeruniye. (in Persian)