jɔ̃³¹

Pela

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Burmese ယင်း (yang:, “that”), Lhao Vo yao꞉, Zaiwa yang, Lashi nyang꞉ and Longchuan Achang ȵ̊aŋ³¹.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɔ̃³¹/

Pronoun

jɔ̃³¹ (possessive form jɔ̃⁵⁵)

1. he, she, it

Usage notes

See the jɔ̃³¹#Prefix section.

See also

Pela personal pronouns

			Nominative	Genitive1
Singular	1st person		ŋa⁵⁵	ŋai³⁵
	2nd person		nɔ̃⁵⁵	nɔ̃³⁵
	3rd person		jɔ̃³¹	jɔ̃⁵⁵
Dual	1st person	inclusive	njɔ̠̃³¹ na̠k⁵⁵, njɔ̠̃³¹ nɛ̠̃⁵⁵, njɔ̠̃³¹ tɔ̠̃⁵⁵
		exclusive	ŋă.na̠k⁵⁵, ŋă.nɛ̠̃⁵⁵, ŋă.tɔ̠̃⁵⁵
	2nd person		nauŋ³¹ nɛ̠̃⁵⁵, nauŋ³¹ tɔ̠̃⁵⁵
	3rd person		jɔ̃³¹ nɛ̠̃⁵⁵, jɔ̃³¹ tɔ̠̃⁵⁵
Plural	1st person	inclusive	njɔ̠̃³⁵, njɔ̠̃³¹ na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵
		exclusive	ŋă.maʔ⁵⁵, ŋă.na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵
	2nd person		nauŋ³¹ maʔ⁵⁵, nə̆.na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵
	3rd person		jɔ̃³¹ maʔ⁵⁵, jɔ̃³¹ na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵

¹ The genetive particle na̠³¹ is often optionally added after genetive singular pronouns and nominative dual or plural pronouns.

Prefix

jɔ̃³¹-

1. prefix of inalienable possession, e.g. kinship; one's

   ŋai³⁵ na̠³¹ jɔ̃³¹ ta³¹

   My own son

   a³¹ pai⁵¹ jɔ̃³¹ va⁵⁵

   Elder sister's father

Usage notes

Unlike ŋa⁵⁵ (“I”), jɔ̃³¹ acts as a modifier to kinship terms itself rather than in its possessive form jɔ̃⁵⁵.

jɔ̃³¹ can be also grammaticalised further to a general inalienable possessive prefix and an emphasiser (see the next section).

Derived terms

• jɔ̃³¹ pau³⁵ (“alone; only by oneself”)

 

Adverb

jɔ̃³¹

1. Emphasises the antecedent; do; indeed

   ŋă.na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵ xəi⁵⁵ pʰjɔ̃³¹ mɛ̃⁵⁵ jɔ̃⁵¹ tʃʰə̆ mɛ̃⁵¹ nji³¹ ta̠³⁵ vɛ³⁵

   We have been living here since, indeed, long ago.

Derived terms

• jɔ̃³¹ jɔ̃³¹ (“himself/herself/itself; oneself”)

 

References

• Dai Qingxia, Jiang Ying, Kong Zhien, A Study of Pela Language (2007; Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, Beijing)