kara

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kara"

English

Etymology

From Punjabi ਕੜਾ (kaṛā); see Hindi कड़ा (kaṛā, “bracelet”).

Noun

kara (plural karas)

1. (Sikhism) A bangle worn by Sikhs, one of the five Ks, to remind them to do God's work.

Anagrams

• arak, rak'a

Balinese

Romanization

kara

1. Romanization of ᬓᬭ
2. Romanization of ᬓᬵᬭ

Basque

Noun

kara

1. allative singular of ka

Cornish

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *karɨd. Cognate with Breton karout and Welsh caru.

Verb

kara (irregular)

1. to love

Conjugation

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Imperative
	Pres-fut	Imperfect	Preterite	Conditional	Pres-fut	Imperfect
1s	karav	karen	keris	karsen	kyrriv	karren	-
2s	kerydh	kares	kersys	karses	kyrri	karres	kar
3s	kar	kara	karas	karsa	karro	karra	kares
1p	keryn	karen	kersyn	karsen	kerryn	karren	keryn
2p	kerowgh	karewgh	kersowgh	karsewgh	kerrowgh	karrewgh	kerowgh
3p	karons	karens	kersons	karsens	karrons	karrens	karens
0	kerir	kares	karas	karsys	kyrrer	karrys	-
Present participle: ow kara Verbal adjective: kerys

Mutation

  Mutation of kara  

Cornish consonant mutation
unmutated	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed	mixed after 'th
kara	gara	hara	unchanged	unchanged	unchanged

Esperanto

Etymology

From Italian caro, cara, from Latin cārus. Compare French cher.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkara]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ara
• Hyphenation: ka‧ra

Adjective

kara (accusative singular karan, plural karaj, accusative plural karajn)

1. dear

   Mi amegas vin, mia kara.

   I love you so much, my dear.

   Kara S-ro Garcio, mi estas skribanta al vi ĉi tiun leteron, ĉar…

   Dear Mr. Garcia, I am writing you this letter because…

Derived terms

• karegulino
• karegulo
• karulino
• karulo

 

Finnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑrɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝rɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑrɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ka‧ra

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *kara.

Noun

kara

1. a dried branch, rib of a leaf or other similar dried part of a plant

   Synonym: karahka

2. core (uneaten part of an apple or similar fruit)

   Synonyms: kota, siemenkota

3. spindle (rod which turns, or on which something turns, e.g. of a door or window handle)
   1. (machining) spindle (rotary axis of a machine tool or power tool)
   2. (automotive) spindle (of a wheel)
4. pin (a piece of wood, partly inserted inside the wall, that supports the frame of a window or door)
5. (weaving) core of a pirn (in a weaving shuttle)
6. valve stem
7. (manufacturing) core (iportion of a mold that creates a cavity or impression within the part or that makes a hole in or through the part)

Declension

Inflection of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kara	karat
genitive		karan	karojen
partitive		karaa	karoja
illative		karaan	karoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kara	karat
accusative	nom.	kara	karat
	gen.	karan
genitive		karan	karojen karain rare
partitive		karaa	karoja
inessive		karassa	karoissa
elative		karasta	karoista
illative		karaan	karoihin
adessive		karalla	karoilla
ablative		karalta	karoilta
allative		karalle	karoille
essive		karana	karoina
translative		karaksi	karoiksi
abessive		karatta	karoitta
instructive		—	karoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karani karani accusative nom. karani karani gen. karani genitive karani karojeni karaini rare partitive karaani karojani inessive karassani karoissani elative karastani karoistani illative karaani karoihini adessive karallani karoillani ablative karaltani karoiltani allative karalleni karoilleni essive karanani karoinani translative karakseni karoikseni abessive karattani karoittani instructive — — comitative — karoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karasi karasi accusative nom. karasi karasi gen. karasi genitive karasi karojesi karaisi rare partitive karaasi karojasi inessive karassasi karoissasi elative karastasi karoistasi illative karaasi karoihisi adessive karallasi karoillasi ablative karaltasi karoiltasi allative karallesi karoillesi essive karanasi karoinasi translative karaksesi karoiksesi abessive karattasi karoittasi instructive — — comitative — karoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karamme karamme accusative nom. karamme karamme gen. karamme genitive karamme karojemme karaimme rare partitive karaamme karojamme inessive karassamme karoissamme elative karastamme karoistamme illative karaamme karoihimme adessive karallamme karoillamme ablative karaltamme karoiltamme allative karallemme karoillemme essive karanamme karoinamme translative karaksemme karoiksemme abessive karattamme karoittamme instructive — — comitative — karoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karanne karanne accusative nom. karanne karanne gen. karanne genitive karanne karojenne karainne rare partitive karaanne karojanne inessive karassanne karoissanne elative karastanne karoistanne illative karaanne karoihinne adessive karallanne karoillanne ablative karaltanne karoiltanne allative karallenne karoillenne essive karananne karoinanne translative karaksenne karoiksenne abessive karattanne karoittanne instructive — — comitative — karoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative karansa karansa accusative nom. karansa karansa gen. karansa genitive karansa karojensa karainsa rare partitive karaansa karojaan karojansa inessive karassaan karassansa karoissaan karoissansa elative karastaan karastansa karoistaan karoistansa illative karaansa karoihinsa adessive karallaan karallansa karoillaan karoillansa ablative karaltaan karaltansa karoiltaan karoiltansa allative karalleen karallensa karoilleen karoillensa essive karanaan karanansa karoinaan karoinansa translative karakseen karaksensa karoikseen karoiksensa abessive karattaan karattansa karoittaan karoittansa instructive — — comitative — karoineen karoinensa

Derived terms

• karahka
• karakki
• Karonen

 

compounds

• hiomakara
• Karakallio
• karapuu
• omenankara
• ruuvikara

 

Further reading

• “kara”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

Noun

kara

1. Synonym of koskikara (“bird of the genus Cinclus”)

Declension

Inflection of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kara	karat
genitive		karan	karojen
partitive		karaa	karoja
illative		karaan	karoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kara	karat
accusative	nom.	kara	karat
	gen.	karan
genitive		karan	karojen karain rare
partitive		karaa	karoja
inessive		karassa	karoissa
elative		karasta	karoista
illative		karaan	karoihin
adessive		karalla	karoilla
ablative		karalta	karoilta
allative		karalle	karoille
essive		karana	karoina
translative		karaksi	karoiksi
abessive		karatta	karoitta
instructive		—	karoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karani karani accusative nom. karani karani gen. karani genitive karani karojeni karaini rare partitive karaani karojani inessive karassani karoissani elative karastani karoistani illative karaani karoihini adessive karallani karoillani ablative karaltani karoiltani allative karalleni karoilleni essive karanani karoinani translative karakseni karoikseni abessive karattani karoittani instructive — — comitative — karoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karasi karasi accusative nom. karasi karasi gen. karasi genitive karasi karojesi karaisi rare partitive karaasi karojasi inessive karassasi karoissasi elative karastasi karoistasi illative karaasi karoihisi adessive karallasi karoillasi ablative karaltasi karoiltasi allative karallesi karoillesi essive karanasi karoinasi translative karaksesi karoiksesi abessive karattasi karoittasi instructive — — comitative — karoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karamme karamme accusative nom. karamme karamme gen. karamme genitive karamme karojemme karaimme rare partitive karaamme karojamme inessive karassamme karoissamme elative karastamme karoistamme illative karaamme karoihimme adessive karallamme karoillamme ablative karaltamme karoiltamme allative karallemme karoillemme essive karanamme karoinamme translative karaksemme karoiksemme abessive karattamme karoittamme instructive — — comitative — karoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karanne karanne accusative nom. karanne karanne gen. karanne genitive karanne karojenne karainne rare partitive karaanne karojanne inessive karassanne karoissanne elative karastanne karoistanne illative karaanne karoihinne adessive karallanne karoillanne ablative karaltanne karoiltanne allative karallenne karoillenne essive karananne karoinanne translative karaksenne karoiksenne abessive karattanne karoittanne instructive — — comitative — karoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative karansa karansa accusative nom. karansa karansa gen. karansa genitive karansa karojensa karainsa rare partitive karaansa karojaan karojansa inessive karassaan karassansa karoissaan karoissansa elative karastaan karastansa karoistaan karoistansa illative karaansa karoihinsa adessive karallaan karallansa karoillaan karoillansa ablative karaltaan karaltansa karoiltaan karoiltansa allative karalleen karallensa karoilleen karoillensa essive karanaan karanansa karoinaan karoinansa translative karakseen karaksensa karoikseen karoiksensa abessive karattaan karattansa karoittaan karoittansa instructive — — comitative — karoineen karoinensa

Derived terms

compounds

• koskikara

 

Etymology 3

Clipping of karamboli.

Noun

kara

1. carom billiards, carambole

Declension

Inflection of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kara	karat
genitive		karan	karojen
partitive		karaa	karoja
illative		karaan	karoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kara	karat
accusative	nom.	kara	karat
	gen.	karan
genitive		karan	karojen karain rare
partitive		karaa	karoja
inessive		karassa	karoissa
elative		karasta	karoista
illative		karaan	karoihin
adessive		karalla	karoilla
ablative		karalta	karoilta
allative		karalle	karoille
essive		karana	karoina
translative		karaksi	karoiksi
abessive		karatta	karoitta
instructive		—	karoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karani karani accusative nom. karani karani gen. karani genitive karani karojeni karaini rare partitive karaani karojani inessive karassani karoissani elative karastani karoistani illative karaani karoihini adessive karallani karoillani ablative karaltani karoiltani allative karalleni karoilleni essive karanani karoinani translative karakseni karoikseni abessive karattani karoittani instructive — — comitative — karoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karasi karasi accusative nom. karasi karasi gen. karasi genitive karasi karojesi karaisi rare partitive karaasi karojasi inessive karassasi karoissasi elative karastasi karoistasi illative karaasi karoihisi adessive karallasi karoillasi ablative karaltasi karoiltasi allative karallesi karoillesi essive karanasi karoinasi translative karaksesi karoiksesi abessive karattasi karoittasi instructive — — comitative — karoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karamme karamme accusative nom. karamme karamme gen. karamme genitive karamme karojemme karaimme rare partitive karaamme karojamme inessive karassamme karoissamme elative karastamme karoistamme illative karaamme karoihimme adessive karallamme karoillamme ablative karaltamme karoiltamme allative karallemme karoillemme essive karanamme karoinamme translative karaksemme karoiksemme abessive karattamme karoittamme instructive — — comitative — karoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karanne karanne accusative nom. karanne karanne gen. karanne genitive karanne karojenne karainne rare partitive karaanne karojanne inessive karassanne karoissanne elative karastanne karoistanne illative karaanne karoihinne adessive karallanne karoillanne ablative karaltanne karoiltanne allative karallenne karoillenne essive karananne karoinanne translative karaksenne karoiksenne abessive karattanne karoittanne instructive — — comitative — karoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative karansa karansa accusative nom. karansa karansa gen. karansa genitive karansa karojensa karainsa rare partitive karaansa karojaan karojansa inessive karassaan karassansa karoissaan karoissansa elative karastaan karastansa karoistaan karoistansa illative karaansa karoihinsa adessive karallaan karallansa karoillaan karoillansa ablative karaltaan karaltansa karoiltaan karoiltansa allative karalleen karallensa karoilleen karoillensa essive karanaan karanansa karoinaan karoinansa translative karakseen karaksensa karoikseen karoiksensa abessive karattaan karattansa karoittaan karoittansa instructive — — comitative — karoineen karoinensa

Anagrams

• arka

Gothic

Romanization

kara

1. Romanization of 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰

Hungarian

Etymology

From kar +‎ -a (possessive suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkɒrɒ]
• Hyphenation: ka‧ra

Noun

kara

1. third-person singular single-possession possessive of kar (“faculty; ensemble”)

Usage notes

For the possessive of kar in the sense “arm, lever”, see karja.

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	kara	—
accusative	karát	—
dative	karának	—
instrumental	karával	—
causal-final	karáért	—
translative	karává	—
terminative	karáig	—
essive-formal	karaként	—
essive-modal	karául	—
inessive	karában	—
superessive	karán	—
adessive	karánál	—
illative	karába	—
sublative	karára	—
allative	karához	—
elative	karából	—
delative	karáról	—
ablative	karától	—
non-attributive possessive - singular	karáé	—
non-attributive possessive - plural	karáéi	—

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkara/

Adjective

kara

1. dear

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka.ra/
• Rhymes: -ra
• Hyphenation: ka‧ra

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦫ (kara), from Old Javanese kara.

Noun

kara (plural kara-kara, first-person possessive karaku, second-person possessive karamu, third-person possessive karanya)

1. (botany) hyacinth bean, lablab-bean, bonavist bean, bonavist pea, dolichos bean, seim, sem bean, lablab bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Indian bean, bataw, Australian pea; Lablab purpureus.

Derived terms

• kara benguk
• kara kaji

 

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Toraja-Sa'dan [Term?]

Noun

kara (plural kara-kara, first-person possessive karaku, second-person possessive karamu, third-person possessive karanya)

1. jewelry made from shells, round with a hole in the middle, usually attached to clothes, large shields, or hats worn by war dancers at death feasts

Further reading

• “kara” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Japanese

Romanization

kara

1. Rōmaji transcription of から

Javanese

Romanization

kara

1. Romanization of ꦏꦫ

Jingpho

Noun

kara

1. hair

Karaim

Adjective

kara

1. black

References

• dnathan.com

Karao

Noun

kara

1. purpose; motive; intention

Kashubian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkara/
• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: ka‧ra

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara.

Noun

kara f

1. punishment; penalty, fine (negative result of something bad that was done)

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	karë
genitive	karë	kar/karów
dative	karze	karóm
accusative	karã	karë
instrumental	karą	karama
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	karë

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Polish kara (“cart”).

Noun

kara f

1. wheelbarrow

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	karë
genitive	karë	kar/karów
dative	karze	karóm
accusative	karã	karë
instrumental	karą	karama
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	karë

Further reading

• Bernard Sychta (1967–1973) “I-II kara”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich, volume 2, page 135
• Jan Trepczyk (1994) “kara”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “kara”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[2]
• “kara”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Khalaj

Perso-Arabic		کَره

Alternative forms

• kərə

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian کره (kare).

Pronunciation

• (Xarrâbî) IPA^(key): [kaɾa]

Noun

kara (definite accusative karañ, plural karalar)

1. butter

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	karalar
genitive	karañ	karalarııñ
dative	karaqa	karalarqa
definite accusative	karañ	karaları
locative	karaça	karalarça
ablative	karada	karalarda
instrumental	karala	karalarla
equative	karavâra	karalarvâra

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó

Latvian

Noun

kara m

1. genitive singular of karš

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German karre, ultimately from Latin carrus, from Gaulish *karros, from Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkara/

Noun

kara f inan (diminutive karka)

1. cart, wagon

Declension

Declension of kara

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	kara	karje	kary
Genitive	kary	karowu	karow
Dative	karje	karoma	karam
Accusative	karu	karje	kary
Instrumental	karu	karoma	karami
Locative	karje	karoma	karach

References

• Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Mapudungun

Noun

kara (Raguileo spelling)

1. town, city

   Synonym: waria

References

• Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Masurian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkara]
• Syllabification: ka‧ra

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara.

Noun

kara f

1. punishment; penalty, fine (negative result of something bad that was done) [+ za (accusative) = for what]

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish kara.

Noun

kara f

1. wheelbarrow

Further reading

• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “I-II kara”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎^[3], volume 3, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, page 141

Nias

Noun

kara (mutated form gara)

1. stone

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑːrɑ/

Noun

kara n

1. definite plural of kar

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²kɑ(ː)rɑ/

Noun

kara m

1. (non-standard since 1983) definite plural of kar

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kara n

1. definite plural of kar

Nupe

Etymology 1

Kàrà

From Yoruba àkàrà.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kà.ɾà/

Noun

kàrà

1. akara

Etymology 2

Kara

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kā.ɾā/

Noun

kara (plural karazhì)

1. crab

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kà.ɾà/

Noun

kàrà

1. load; luggage; cargo
2. burden

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ká.ɾà/

Noun

kárà (plural káràzhì)

1. wall surrounding a compound (that does not connect to the houses)

See also

• sókùn (“compound wall built from one house to another”)

Old Javanese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /su.hun/
• Rhymes: -ra
• Homophones: kara, kāra, khara
• Hyphenation: ka‧ra

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर (kara, “finger”), कृ (kṛ, “to make”).

Noun

kara

1. hand
2. finger
3. ray of light, beam

Derived terms

• akara-karā
• makara-karā

 

• bāmakara

 

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦏꦫ (kara) (inherited)
• → Balinese: ᬓᬭ (kara)

Etymology 2

Suffix

kara

1. Alternative spelling of kāra (“making, doing”)

Etymology 3

Unknown, probably borrowed from Sanskrit खर (khara, “thorny plant”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kara

1. (botany) hyacinth bean, lablab-bean, bonavist bean, bonavist pea, dolichos bean, seim, sem bean, lablab bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Indian bean, bataw, Australian pea; Lablab purpureus.

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦏꦫ (kara) (inherited)

Etymology 4

Noun

kara

1. Alternative spelling of khara

Etymology 5

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kara

1. animals that may not be eaten
2. crow

Further reading

• "kara" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Old Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German karre. First attested in 1471.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /kara/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /kara/

Noun

kara f

1. (attested in Greater Poland) light cart with one or two wheels

   Synonym: jednokole

   • 1908 [c. 1500], Bolesław Erzepki, editor, Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego. I. Glosy polskie wpisane do łacińsko-niemieckiego słownika drukowanego w roku 1490‎^[4], Lubiń, page 27:

     Karrą albo yednokolye biga, ein karre, carruca idem est

     [Kara albo jednokole biga, ein karre, carruca idem est]

   • 1901 [1471], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 46:

     Dwogye kary aut gyednokole duorum burdonum

     [Dwoje kary aut jednokole duorum burdonum]

   • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 19r:

     Biga ein karre carruca idem est karrą albo yednokolye vel liber

     [Biga ein karre carruca idem est kara albo jednokole vel liber]

Descendants

• Masurian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)
• Polish: kara (“cart”)
  • → Kashubian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)
  • → Ukrainian: ґара (gara)
  • → Slovincian: kara
• Silesian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)

References

• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kara”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “kara, pl. tantum kary”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “kara”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *karu. Cognate with Old English caru, Old High German chara (“grief”), Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).

Noun

kara f

1. grief, sorrow
2. anxiety

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Oroqen

Adjective

kara

1. dark

References

• Whaley, Lindsay & Li, Fengxiang. (1998). The Suffix -Kan in Oroqen. Studies in Language. 22. 447-471. 10.1075/sl.22.2.06wha.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.ra/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈka.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: ka‧ra

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara. First attested in 1564.

Noun

kara f

1. punishment; penalty, fine (negative result of something bad that was done) [+ za (accusative) = for what]

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	kary
genitive	kary	kar
dative	karze	karom
accusative	karę	kary
instrumental	karą	karami
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	kary

Derived terms

nouns

• kara główna
• kara śmierci
• ławka kar

 

Related terms

adjective

• bezkarny

 

adverb

• bezkarnie

 

noun

• bezkarność

 

verbs

• karać impf

 

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish kara.

Noun

kara f

1. (obsolete) cart with two wheels and a box on top for carrying things

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	kary
genitive	kary	kar
dative	karze	karom
accusative	karę	kary
instrumental	karą	karami
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	kary

Descendants

• → Kashubian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)
• → Ukrainian: ґара (gara)
• → Slovincian: kara

Etymology 3

Borrowed from French carré. First attested in the middle of the 19th century.

Noun

kara f

1. (geometry, rare) quadrangle

   Synonyms: czworobok, czworokąt

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	kary
genitive	kary	kar
dative	karze	karom
accusative	karę	kary
instrumental	karą	karami
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	kary

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

kara

1. inflection of karo:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

kara

1. feminine nominative/vocative singular of kary

Further reading

• kara in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• kara in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kara”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “KARA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎^[5]
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎^[6]
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎^[7] (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 254
• Wanda Decyk-Zięba, editor (2018-2022), “kara”, in Dydaktyczny Słownik Etymologiczno-historyczny Języka Polskiego [A Didactic, Historical, Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 1”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

Rapa Nui

Noun

kara

1. wing

Serbo-Croatian

Verb

kara (Cyrillic spelling кара)

1. third-person singular present of karati

Silesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkara/
• Rhymes: -ara
• Syllabification: ka‧ra

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara.

Noun

kara f

1. punishment

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	kary
genitive	kary	karōw
dative	karze	karōm
accusative	karã	kary
instrumental	karōm	karami/karōma
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	kary

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish kara.

Noun

kara f

1. wheelbarrow

   Synonyms: targŏcz, tragŏcz

Declension

Declension of kara

	singular	plural
nominative	kara	kary
genitive	kary	karōw
dative	karze	karōm
accusative	karã	kary
instrumental	karōm	karami/karōma
locative	karze	karach
vocative	karo	kary

Further reading

• kara in dykcjonorz.eu
• kara in silling.org
• Bogdan Kallus (2020) “kara/kary”, in Słownik Gōrnoślōnskij Gŏdki, IV edition, Chorzów: Pro Loquela Silesiana, →ISBN, page 320
• Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022) “kara”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 86
• Aleksandra Wencel (2023) “kara”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski‎^[8], page 301

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قره (kara), from Proto-Turkic *kara (“dark, black”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɑˈɾɑ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

kara

1. black, dark

   Synonym: siyah

   Antonyms: ak, beyaz

   kara büyü ― black magic

2. brunette
3. dark skinned
4. (figuratively) evil, wicked, villainous
5. (figuratively, archaic) courageous

Declension

predicative forms of kara

present tense
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (I am)	karayım	kara mıyım?	kara değilim	kara değil miyim?
sen (you are)	karasın	kara mısın?	kara değilsin	kara değil misin?
o (he/she/it is)	kara / karadır	kara mı?	kara değil	kara değil mi?
biz (we are)	karayız	kara mıyız?	kara değiliz	kara değil miyiz?
siz (you are)	karasınız	kara mısınız?	kara değilsiniz	kara değil misiniz?
onlar (they are)	kara(lar)	kara(lar) mı?	kara değil(ler)	kara değiller mi?
past tense
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (I was)	karaydım	kara mıydım?	kara değildim	kara değil miydim?
sen (you were)	karaydın	kara mıydın?	kara değildin	kara değil miydin?
o (he/she/it was)	karaydı	kara mıydı?	kara değildi	kara değil miydi?
biz (we were)	karaydık	kara mıydık?	kara değildik	kara değil miydik?
siz (you were)	karaydınız	kara mıydınız?	kara değildiniz	kara değil miydiniz?
onlar (they were)	karaydılar	kara mıydılar?	kara değildi(ler) / değillerdi	kara değil miydiler?
indirect past
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (I was)	karaymışım	kara mıymışım?	kara değilmişim	kara değil miymişim?
sen (you were)	karaymışsın	kara mıymışsın?	kara değilmişsin	kara değil miymişsin?
o (he/she/it was)	karaymış	kara mıymış?	kara değilmiş	kara değil miymiş?
biz (we were)	karaymışız	kara mıymışız?	kara değilmişiz	kara değil miymişiz?
siz (you were)	karaymışsınız	kara mıymışsınız?	kara değilmişsiniz	kara değil miymişsiniz?
onlar (they were)	karaymışlar	kara mıymışlar?	kara değilmiş(ler) / değillermiş	kara değil miymişler?
conditional
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (if I)	karaysam	kara mıysam?	kara değilsem	kara değil miysem?
sen (if you)	karaysan	kara mıysan?	kara değilsen	kara değil miysen?
o (if he/she/it)	karaysa	kara mıysa?	kara değilse	kara değil miyse?
biz (if we)	karaysak	kara mıysak?	kara değilsek	kara değil miysek?
siz (if you)	karaysanız	kara mıysanız?	kara değilseniz	kara değil miyseniz?
onlar (if they)	karaysalar	kara mıysalar?	kara değilseler / değillerse	kara değil miyseler?

Descendants

• → Adyghe: къарэ (qarɛ)

Noun

kara (definite accusative karayı, plural karalar)

1. black

   Synonym: siyah

   Antonym: ak

3. land, field

   Antonym: deniz

   kara göründü! ― land ahoy!

   kara, deniz ve hava kuvvetleri ― land, sea, and air forces

4. (archaic) north

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	kara
Definite accusative	karayı
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kara	karalar
Definite accusative	karayı	karaları
Dative	karaya	karalara
Locative	karada	karalarda
Ablative	karadan	karalardan
Genitive	karanın	karaların
Possessive forms Nominative Singular Plural 1st singular karam karalarım 2nd singular karan karaların 3rd singular karası karaları 1st plural karamız karalarımız 2nd plural karanız karalarınız 3rd plural karaları karaları Definite accusative Singular Plural 1st singular karamı karalarımı 2nd singular karanı karalarını 3rd singular karasını karalarını 1st plural karamızı karalarımızı 2nd plural karanızı karalarınızı 3rd plural karalarını karalarını Dative Singular Plural 1st singular karama karalarıma 2nd singular karana karalarına 3rd singular karasına karalarına 1st plural karamıza karalarımıza 2nd plural karanıza karalarınıza 3rd plural karalarına karalarına Locative Singular Plural 1st singular karamda karalarımda 2nd singular karanda karalarında 3rd singular karasında karalarında 1st plural karamızda karalarımızda 2nd plural karanızda karalarınızda 3rd plural karalarında karalarında Ablative Singular Plural 1st singular karamdan karalarımdan 2nd singular karandan karalarından 3rd singular karasından karalarından 1st plural karamızdan karalarımızdan 2nd plural karanızdan karalarınızdan 3rd plural karalarından karalarından Genitive Singular Plural 1st singular karamın karalarımın 2nd singular karanın karalarının 3rd singular karasının karalarının 1st plural karamızın karalarımızın 2nd plural karanızın karalarınızın 3rd plural karalarının karalarının

Coordinate terms

• (compass points)

kuzeybatı	kuzey şimal kara	kuzeydoğu
batı garp ak		doğu şark gök
güneybatı	güney cenup kızıl	güneydoğu

See also

Colors in Turkish · renkler (layout · text)

beyaz, ak	gri, boz	siyah, kara
kırmızı, kızıl; al	turuncu; kahverengi, konur, boz	sarı; bej
limon çürüğü	yeşil	nane yeşili
camgöbeği; turkuaz	gök, mavi	lacivert
eflatun; mor	pembe; mor	yavruağzı

Veps

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kara

1. bay, inlet

Inflection

Inflection of kara (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	kara
genitive sing.	karan
partitive sing.	karad
partitive plur.	karoid
	singular	plural
nominative	kara	karad
accusative	karan	karad
genitive	karan	karoiden
partitive	karad	karoid
essive-instructive	karan	karoin
translative	karaks	karoikš
inessive	karas	karoiš
elative	karaspäi	karoišpäi
illative	karaha	karoihe
adessive	karal	karoil
ablative	karalpäi	karoilpäi
allative	karale	karoile
abessive	karata	karoita
comitative	karanke	karoidenke
prolative	karadme	karoidme
approximative I	karanno	karoidenno
approximative II	karannoks	karoidennoks
egressive	karannopäi	karoidennopäi
terminative I	karahasai	karoihesai
terminative II	karalesai	karoilesai
terminative III	karassai	—
additive I	karahapäi	karoihepäi
additive II	karalepäi	karoilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “бухта”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[9], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Wanyi

Noun

kara

1. country
2. stone

References

• Mary Laughren, Rob Pensalfini, Tom Mylne, Accounting for verb-initial order in an Australian language, in Verb First: On the syntax of verb-initial languages (2005)