paradox
English edit
Etymology edit
From Middle French paradoxe, from Latin paradoxum, from Ancient Greek παράδοξος (parádoxos, “unexpected, strange”).
Pronunciation edit
- (UK) IPA(key): /ˈpæɹ.əˌdɒks/
- (US)
- (Mary–marry–merry distinction) IPA(key): /ˈpæɹ.əˌdɑks/
- (Mary–marry–merry merger) IPA(key): /ˈpɛɹ.əˌdɑks/
Audio (US): (file)
Noun edit
paradox (countable and uncountable, plural paradoxes)
- An apparently self-contradictory statement, which can only be true if it is false, and vice versa.
- "This sentence is false" is a paradox.
- 1962, Abraham Wolf, Textbook of Logic[1], page 255:
- According to one version of an ancient paradox, an Athenian is supposed to say "I am a liar." It is then argued that if the statement is true, then he is telling the truth, and is therefore not a liar […]
- A counterintuitive conclusion or outcome.
- It is an interesting paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.
- 1983 May 21, Ronald Reagan, Presidential Radio Address:
- The most fundamental paradox is that if we're never to use force, we must be prepared to use it and to use it successfully.
- A claim that two apparently contradictory ideas are true.
- Not having a fashion is a fashion; that's a paradox.
- 1879, W. S. Gilbert, “The Pirates of Penzance”, in The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan, published 1941:
- How quaint the ways of Paradox! / At common sense she gaily mocks! / Though counting in the usual way years twenty-one I've been alive, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / I am a little boy of five!
- A thing involving contradictory yet interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time.[1][2]
- A person or thing having contradictory properties.
- He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party.
- An unanswerable question or difficult puzzle, particularly one which leads to a deeper truth.
- (obsolete) A statement which is difficult to believe, or which goes against general belief.
- 1594, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III:
- Ay, truly; for the power of beauty will sooner / transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the / force of honesty can translate beauty into his / likeness: this was sometime a paradox, but now the / time gives it proof.
- 1615, Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia, Richmond, published 1957, page 3:
- they contended to make that Maxim, that there is no faith to be held with Infidels, a meere and absurd Paradox [...].
- (uncountable) The use of counterintuitive or contradictory statements (paradoxes) in speech or writing.
- 1906, Richard Holt Hutton, Brief Literary Criticisms[4], page 40:
- The need for paradox is no doubt rooted deep in the very nature of the use we make of language.
- (uncountable, philosophy) A state in which one is logically compelled to contradict oneself.
- (countable, uncountable, psychotherapy) The practice of giving instructions that are opposed to the therapist's actual intent, with the intention that the client will disobey or be unable to obey.
Usage notes edit
- (self-contradictory statement): A statement which contradicts itself in this fashion is a paradox; two statements which contradict each other are an antinomy.
- (counterintuitive outcome): This use may be considered incorrect or inexact.
- 1995 January 14, Ian Stewart, “Paradox of the Spheres”, in New Scientist[7]:
- Banach and Tarski's theorem (commonly known as the Banach-Tarski paradox, though it is not a true paradox, being counterintuitive rather than self-contradictory) […]
- 1998, Encyclopedia of Applied Physics[8], page 270:
- It is not a true paradox, merely highly nonintuitive behavior, if one accepts the realistic and local assumptions of EPR.
- (unanswerable question): This use may be considered incorrect or inexact.
- 1917, George Crabb, “ENIGMA, PARADOX, RIDDLE”, in Crabb's English Synonymes, Centennial edition:
- An enigma, therefore, is not a paradox, but a paradox, not being intelligible, may seem like an enigma.
Synonyms edit
- (counterintuitive outcome): shocker (informal)
- (person or thing with contradictory properties): juxtaposition, contradiction
- (unanswerable question): puzzle, quandary, riddle, enigma, koan
- (therapy practice): reverse psychology
Hyponyms edit
- Abilene paradox
- Achilles paradox
- Allais paradox
- archer's paradox
- arrow paradox
- Arrow paradox
- Arrow's paradox
- Baker's paradox
- Banach-Tarski paradox
- barber paradox
- Benardete's paradox
- Berkson's paradox
- Berry paradox
- Bertrand's paradox
- Bhartrhari's paradox
- birthday paradox
- Blub paradox
- bootstrap paradox
- boy or girl paradox
- Burali-Forti paradox
- clock paradox
- Curry's paradox
- C-value paradox
- d'Alembert's paradox
- diamond-water paradox
- Easterlin paradox
- Ehrenfest paradox
- Ellsberg paradox
- envelope paradox
- Epimenides paradox
- European paradox
- exchange paradox
- Fermi paradox
- French paradox
- Galileo's paradox
- gentle murder paradox
- Gibson's paradox
- Girard's paradox
- grandfather paradox
- Grelling-Nelson paradox
- Grim Reaper paradox
- hangman paradox
- Hawking's paradox
- Hempel's paradox
- Hooper's paradox
- hydrostatic paradox
- infinite hotel paradox
- information paradox
- interesting number paradox
- Jevons paradox
- Klein paradox
- lek paradox
- Levinthal's paradox
- liar paradox
- liar's paradox
- Löb's paradox
- Loschmidt's paradox
- micro-macro paradox
- Moravec's paradox
- necktie paradox
- Newcomb's paradox
- observer's paradox
- Olbers' paradox
- paradox of fiction
- paradox of saving
- paradox of thrift
- paradox of tolerance
- paradox sunflower
- Parrondo's paradox
- Pepsi paradox
- Petersburg paradox
- Peto's paradox
- potato paradox
- raven paradox
- region-beta paradox
- Richard's paradox
- Ross-Littlewood paradox
- Russell's paradox
- Sagan's paradox
- Saint Petersburg paradox
- Siegel's paradox
- Simpson's paradox
- Smale's paradox
- sorites paradox
- St. Petersburg paradox
- submarine paradox
- Supplee's paradox
- surprise test paradox
- tea leaf paradox
- Tullock paradox
- twin paradox
- twins paradox
- unexpected hanging paradox
- Weyl's paradox
- Yablo's paradox
- Zeno's paradox
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Translations edit
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References edit
- ^ Smith, W. K. and Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36, pp. 381-403
- ^ Zhang, Y., Waldman, D. A., Han, Y., and Li, X. (2015). Paradoxical leader behaviors in people management: Antecedents and consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 58, pp. 538-566
Further reading edit
Czech edit
Noun edit
paradox m inan
Declension edit
This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms edit
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French paradoxe, from Middle French paradoxe, from Latin paradoxum, from Ancient Greek παράδοξος (parádoxos, “unexpected, strange”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
paradox m (plural paradoxen, diminutive paradoxje n)
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
German edit
Pronunciation edit
Audio: (file)
Adjective edit
paradox (strong nominative masculine singular paradoxer, comparative paradoxer, superlative am paradoxesten)
Declension edit
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist paradox | sie ist paradox | es ist paradox | sie sind paradox | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | paradoxer | paradoxe | paradoxes | paradoxe |
genitive | paradoxen | paradoxer | paradoxen | paradoxer | |
dative | paradoxem | paradoxer | paradoxem | paradoxen | |
accusative | paradoxen | paradoxe | paradoxes | paradoxe | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der paradoxe | die paradoxe | das paradoxe | die paradoxen |
genitive | des paradoxen | der paradoxen | des paradoxen | der paradoxen | |
dative | dem paradoxen | der paradoxen | dem paradoxen | den paradoxen | |
accusative | den paradoxen | die paradoxe | das paradoxe | die paradoxen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein paradoxer | eine paradoxe | ein paradoxes | (keine) paradoxen |
genitive | eines paradoxen | einer paradoxen | eines paradoxen | (keiner) paradoxen | |
dative | einem paradoxen | einer paradoxen | einem paradoxen | (keinen) paradoxen | |
accusative | einen paradoxen | eine paradoxe | ein paradoxes | (keine) paradoxen |
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
Hungarian edit
Etymology edit
From German paradox, from Ancient Greek παράδοξος (parádoxos, “unexpected, strange”).[1]
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
paradox (comparative paradoxabb, superlative legparadoxabb)
- paradoxical (seemingly contradictory but possibly true)
- Synonyms: önellentmondó, képtelen, helytelen
- (rare) paradoxical, awkward, adverse (contrary to common perception)
- Synonyms: szokatlan, meglepő, meghökkentő, visszás, fonák
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | paradox | paradoxok |
accusative | paradoxot | paradoxokat |
dative | paradoxnak | paradoxoknak |
instrumental | paradoxszal | paradoxokkal |
causal-final | paradoxért | paradoxokért |
translative | paradoxszá | paradoxokká |
terminative | paradoxig | paradoxokig |
essive-formal | paradoxként | paradoxokként |
essive-modal | paradoxul | — |
inessive | paradoxban | paradoxokban |
superessive | paradoxon | paradoxokon |
adessive | paradoxnál | paradoxoknál |
illative | paradoxba | paradoxokba |
sublative | paradoxra | paradoxokra |
allative | paradoxhoz | paradoxokhoz |
elative | paradoxból | paradoxokból |
delative | paradoxról | paradoxokról |
ablative | paradoxtól | paradoxoktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
paradoxé | paradoxoké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
paradoxéi | paradoxokéi |
References edit
- ^ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
Further reading edit
- paradox in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Latin paradoxum or Ancient Greek παράδοξος (parádoxos).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
paradox n (plural paradoxuri)
Declension edit
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) paradox | paradoxul | (niște) paradoxuri | paradoxurile |
genitive/dative | (unui) paradox | paradoxului | (unor) paradoxuri | paradoxurilor |
vocative | paradoxule | paradoxurilor |
Derived terms edit
Swedish edit
Noun edit
paradox c
Declension edit
Declension of paradox | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | paradox | paradoxen | paradoxer | paradoxerna |
Genitive | paradox | paradoxens | paradoxers | paradoxernas |
Related terms edit
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *deḱ-
- English terms borrowed from Middle French
- English terms derived from Middle French
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- English terms derived from Ancient Greek
- English 3-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- English terms with quotations
- English terms with obsolete senses
- en:Philosophy
- en:Psychotherapy
- en:Paradoxes
- en:Logic
- en:Rhetoric
- Czech lemmas
- Czech nouns
- Czech terms spelled with X
- Czech masculine nouns
- Czech inanimate nouns
- Dutch terms borrowed from French
- Dutch terms derived from French
- Dutch terms derived from Middle French
- Dutch terms derived from Latin
- Dutch terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -en
- Dutch masculine nouns
- German terms with audio links
- German lemmas
- German adjectives
- Hungarian terms borrowed from German
- Hungarian terms derived from German
- Hungarian terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/oks
- Rhymes:Hungarian/oks/3 syllables
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian adjectives
- Hungarian terms with rare senses
- Hungarian non-ethnonym high-vowel adjectives
- Romanian terms borrowed from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian terms with audio links
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian nouns
- Romanian countable nouns
- Romanian neuter nouns
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish common-gender nouns