t-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "t"

English

Etymology

Abbreviation of tert- (“tertiary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tiː/

Prefix

t-

1. (organic chemistry) tertiary form

Synonyms

• tert-

Coordinate terms

• n- (normal form)
• s- (secondary form)

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t/

Prefix

t-

1. Used together with the suffix -í to create feminine agent nouns.

References

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118

Emilian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t/

Pronoun

t- (personal, nominative case)

1. (before a vowel) Alternative form of et

Related terms

Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)

Number	Person	Gender	Proclitic				Enclitic				Aphetic
			N	A	D	R	N	A	D	R	N	A	D	R
Singular	First	—	aj-	m’			-ja	-em			-ja	-m
	Second	—	t-	t’			-et				-t
	Third	Masculine	l-		g’	s’	-el		-eg	-es	-l		-g	-s
		Feminine	l’				-la				-la
Plural	First	—	aj-	s’			-ja	-es			-ja	-s
	Second	—	aj-	v’			-ev				-v
	Third	Masculine	j-		g’	s’	-i		-eg	-es	-j		-g	-s
		Feminine	elj-				-li				-li

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t̪ˠ/ (before a, á, o, ó, u, ú and where it replaces /sˠ/)
• IPA^(key): /tʲ/ (before e, é, i, í and where it replaces /ʃ/)

Prefix

t-

1. Marker of t-prothesis

   an t-athair ― the father

   an tAthair ― the Father

2. Marker of lenition of s after the definite article

   an tseachtain ― the week

   an tSín ― China

Usage notes

Written with a hyphen before lowercase vowel letters, without a hyphen before s and uppercase vowel letters.

Maltese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t/

Article

t-

1. Alternative form of il-

Usage notes

• Used after a vowel and before the letter t. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Mohawk

Alternative forms

• te-

Prefix

t-

1. cislocative, indicating motion towards the speaker

References

• Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 105

Old Irish

Prefix

t- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers lenition)

1. you (singular object pronoun)

   ‎do·goa (“s/he chooses”) + ‎t- → ‎dot·goa (“s/he chooses you”)

   ‎ní·ben (“s/he does not strike”) + ‎t- → ‎nít·ben (“s/he does not strike you”)

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with t-

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
	Class A	Class B	Class C
1 sing.	m-L	dom-L, dam-L		-um
2 sing.	t-L	dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-N, e-N	d-N	id-N, did-N, d-N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-L, e-L	d-L	id-L, did-L, d-L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-(N)	da-		-us
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t̪ʰ/ (before a, à, o, ò, u, ù and where it replaces /s̪/)
• IPA^(key): /tʲʰ/ (before e, è, i, ì and where it replaces /ʃ/)

Prefix

t-

1. Marker of t-prothesis

   an t-athair ― the father

   an t-Athair ― the Father

2. Marker of lenition of s after the definite article

   an t-seachdain ― the week

   an t-Sìona ― China

Ye'kwana

Alternative forms

• tü-, tu-, ti-, te- (allomorphs)

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban [Term?].

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t-]

Prefix

t-

1. Marks a noun as having a reflexive possessor, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
2. Marks a postposition as having a reflexive object, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
3. Marks a verb in a verb form that takes series II markers as having a reflexive argument, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
4. Marks an unspecified person when obligatorily used with the adverbializers -e, -emje, and -ke, forming circumfixes t- -e, t- -emje, and t- -ke.
5. Marks a transitive verb as having a third-person patient/object with verb forms that take series II markers for a small group of verbs, namely those whose roots start with a consonantless open syllable ü or ö.

Usage notes

The form t- is used before vowels. Before a w, or before a syllable beginning with a consonant whose vowel is anything but u or i, the form tü- is used. Before a consonant-initial syllable whose vowel is u, i, or sometimes even e, the form of the prefix changes to match the vowel of the next syllable: tu-, ti-, te-.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/öd-, o-, oy-/od-, a-, ay-/ad-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/d-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “t-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 127–128, 150–155, 174, 192–194, 198–199