πνεῦμα

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From an Ancient Greek root πνευ- (Proto-Indo-European *pnew-), whence also πνέω (pnéō, “I blow”), and the suffix -μα (-ma).

Pronunciation

• (5th BC Attic): IPA: /pné͜ʊma/

• (1st BC Egyptian): IPA: /pnɛ́wma/

• (4th AD Koine): IPA: /pnéβma/

• (10th AD Byzantine): IPA: /pném̚ma/

• (15th AD Constantinopolitan): IPA: /pnéma/

Noun

πνεῦμα (genitive πνεύματος) n, third declension; (pneuma)

1. air
2. wind
3. breath
4. (phonology) breathing
5. life
6. spirit, soul
7. spiritual being: spirit, angel
8. inspiration (often divine inspiration), genius

Inflection

Third declension of πνεῦμᾰ, πνεύμᾰτος

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ πνεῦμᾰ	τὼ πνεύμᾰτε	τὰ πνεύμᾰτᾰ
Genitive	τοῦ πνεύμᾰτος	τοῖν πνευμάτοιν	τῶν πνευμάτων
Dative	τῷ πνεύμᾰτῐ	τοῖν πνευμάτοιν	τοῖς πνεύμᾰσῐ(ν)
Accusative	τὸ πνεῦμᾰ	τὼ πνεύμᾰτε	τὰ πνεύμᾰτᾰ
Vocative	πνεῦμᾰ	πνεύμᾰτε	πνεύμᾰτᾰ

Synonyms

• ψυχή

Descendants

• Latin: pneuma
• Greek: πνεύμα (pnevma)

References

• πνεῦμα in A Greek-English Lexicon by Liddell & Scott, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1940
• BDAG
• Strong’s concordance number: G4151