بحران

Arabic edit

Etymology 1 edit

Probably from Aramaic בחרנא (bəḥrānā, “test, turning point of disease progression, crisis”), from בְּחַר (bəḥar, “judging, testing”); compare Hebrew בָּחַר (bāḥar, “to choose, appoint”). Perhaps eventually a calque of Ancient Greek κρίσις (krísis). The Arabic lexicographers identified the word as foreign and considered it of Greek origin.

Lane instead theorised it to be from archaic البَاحُور (al-bāḥūr, “the moon”, literally “expanding, widening; being at the full extent, the furthest extremities”), from the notion of a sudden change of health being linked to the phase of the moon. Compare for this Ancient Greek σεληνιάζομαι (selēniázomai, “epilepsy; sudden drastic symptoms”, literally “moonstruck”), Latin lunaticus, and English lunacy.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /buħ.raːn/

Noun edit

بُحْرَان • (buḥrān) m (plural بَحَارِين (baḥārīn))

(now rare) crisis, panic
Synonym: أَزْمَة (ʔazma)
(medicine) crisis

Declension edit

Declension of noun بُحْرَان (buḥrān)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُحْرَان buḥrān	الْبُحْرَان al-buḥrān	بُحْرَان buḥrān
Nominative	بُحْرَانٌ buḥrānun	الْبُحْرَانُ al-buḥrānu	بُحْرَانُ buḥrānu
Accusative	بُحْرَانًا buḥrānan	الْبُحْرَانَ al-buḥrāna	بُحْرَانَ buḥrāna
Genitive	بُحْرَانٍ buḥrānin	الْبُحْرَانِ al-buḥrāni	بُحْرَانِ buḥrāni
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُحْرَانَيْن buḥrānayn	الْبُحْرَانَيْن al-buḥrānayn	بُحْرَانَيْ buḥrānay
Nominative	بُحْرَانَانِ buḥrānāni	الْبُحْرَانَانِ al-buḥrānāni	بُحْرَانَا buḥrānā
Accusative	بُحْرَانَيْنِ buḥrānayni	الْبُحْرَانَيْنِ al-buḥrānayni	بُحْرَانَيْ buḥrānay
Genitive	بُحْرَانَيْنِ buḥrānayni	الْبُحْرَانَيْنِ al-buḥrānayni	بُحْرَانَيْ buḥrānay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَحَارِين baḥārīn	الْبَحَارِين al-baḥārīn	بَحَارِين baḥārīn
Nominative	بَحَارِينُ baḥārīnu	الْبَحَارِينُ al-baḥārīnu	بَحَارِينُ baḥārīnu
Accusative	بَحَارِينَ baḥārīna	الْبَحَارِينَ al-baḥārīna	بَحَارِينَ baḥārīna
Genitive	بَحَارِينَ baḥārīna	الْبَحَارِينِ al-baḥārīni	بَحَارِينِ baḥārīni

Descendants edit

→ Azerbaijani: böhran
→ Classical Persian: بحران (buḥrān)
- → Hindustani:
  Hindi: बोहरान (bohrān)
  Urdu: بُحْرَان (bohrān)
→ Middle Armenian: բուհրան (buhran), բուրհան (burhan), բուհրայն (buhrayn), պուրհան (purhan), պուհրան (puhran), պահրան (pahran), պոհրան (pohran), պոխրան (poxran)
→ Ottoman Turkish: بحران (buhran)
- Turkish: buhran

Etymology 2 edit

Noun edit

بحران • (baḥrān)

dual of بَحْر (baḥr)

References edit

Freytag, Georg (1830) “بحران”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 88
Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “بحران”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[2] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 89
Lane, Edward William (1863) “بحران”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[3], London: Williams & Norgate, page 157
Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “بحران”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎^[4] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 67

Persian edit

Persian Wikipedia has an article on:

بحران

Wikipedia ^fa

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Arabic بُحْرَان (buḥrān, “crisis”).

Pronunciation edit

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [buh.ˈɾɑːn]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bo̞ɦ.ɾɑ́ːn]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [bʊ.ɾɑ́ːn]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [bu.ɾɔ́ːn]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [boɦ.ɹɒ́ːn]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [bɵh.ɾɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading^?	buhrān
Dari reading^?	bohrān
Iranian reading^?	bohrân
Tajik reading^?	bühron

Rhymes: -ân

Noun edit


Iranian Persian	بحران
Dari	بحران
Tajik	бӯҳрон

بحران • (bohrân)

crisis
― bohrân-e eqtesâdi ― financial crisis

― bohrân-e bedehi ― debt crisis

― bohrân-e beyn-olmelali ― international crisis

― bohrân-e siyâsi ― political crisis

Descendants edit

→ Hindustani:
Hindi: बोहरान (bohrān)

Urdu: بُحْرَان (bohrān)

Urdu edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Classical Persian (buhrān), from Arabic بُحْرَان (buḥrān).

Pronunciation edit

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /boːɦ.ɾɑːn/

Noun edit

بُحْران • (bohrān) m (Hindi spelling बोहरान)

References edit

“بحران”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
“بحران”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.