خام

See also: حام, جام, and چام

Arabic

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خام (xâm, “raw”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xaːm/

Adjective

خَام • (ḵām)

1. raw, crude, unprocessed

Declension

Declension of adjective خَام (ḵām)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	خَام ḵām	الْخَام al-ḵām	خَام ḵām	الْخَام al-ḵām
Nominative	خَامٌ ḵāmun	الْخَامُ al-ḵāmu	خَامٌ ḵāmun	الْخَامُ al-ḵāmu
Accusative	خَامًا ḵāman	الْخَامَ al-ḵāma	خَامًا ḵāman	الْخَامَ al-ḵāma
Genitive	خَامٍ ḵāmin	الْخَامِ al-ḵāmi	خَامٍ ḵāmin	الْخَامِ al-ḵāmi
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	خَام ḵām	الْخَام al-ḵām	خَام ḵām	الْخَام al-ḵām
Nominative	خَامٌ ḵāmun	الْخَامُ al-ḵāmu	خَامٌ ḵāmun	الْخَامُ al-ḵāmu
Accusative	خَامًا ḵāman	الْخَامَ al-ḵāma	خَامًا ḵāman	الْخَامَ al-ḵāma
Genitive	خَامٍ ḵāmin	الْخَامِ al-ḵāmi	خَامٍ ḵāmin	الْخَامِ al-ḵāmi
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	خَام ḵām	الْخَام al-ḵām	خَام ḵām	الْخَام al-ḵām
Nominative	خَامٌ ḵāmun	الْخَامُ al-ḵāmu	خَامٌ ḵāmun	الْخَامُ al-ḵāmu
Accusative	خَامًا ḵāman	الْخَامَ al-ḵāma	خَامًا ḵāman	الْخَامَ al-ḵāma
Genitive	خَامٍ ḵāmin	الْخَامِ al-ḵāmi	خَامٍ ḵāmin	الْخَامِ al-ḵāmi

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خام (xâm, “raw”).

Adjective

خام • (ham)

1. raw, uncooked, not cooked

   Synonym: چیك (çiğ)

2. raw, crude, unrefined
3. unripe, immature, green
4. untrained, unaccustomed to work
5. inexperienced, raw, unseasoned
6. ill-considered, unreasonable

Derived terms

• خاملق (hamlık, “rawness; unripeness”)

Descendants

• Turkish: ham

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “ham”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1855
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خام”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[1], Constantinople: Mihran, page 529
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Crudus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[2], Vienna, column 304
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خام”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[3], Vienna, column 1845
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “ham”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خام”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[4], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 825

Pashto

Etymology

From Persian خام (xâm). Doublet of اوم (um) which was inherited.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xɑm/

Adjective

خام • (xâm)

1. raw, uncooked (of food)
2. unpaved (of a road)
3. unripe (of fruit)

Synonyms

• اوم

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hʾm /⁠xām⁠/, “crude, raw”), from Proto-Iranian *HaHmáh, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₃mós (“raw, uncooked”). Cognate with Baluchi هامَگ (hāmag, “crude, raw, unripe”), Pashto اوم (um, “raw, uncooked”), Sanskrit आम (āma, “raw, uncooked”), Ancient Greek ὠμός (ōmós, “raw, crude”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xɑːm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xɑːm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xɑːm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xɑːm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xɔːm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xɒːm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χɔm]

Readings
Classical reading?	xām
Dari reading?	xām
Iranian reading?	xâm
Tajik reading?	xom

Adjective

Dari	خام
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хом

خام • (xâm) (comparative خام‌تَر (xâm-tar), superlative خام‌تَرین (xâm-tarin))

1. raw; crude; uncooked; unrefined

   گوشت خام ― gušt-e xâm ― raw meat

   لاستیک خام ― lâstik-e xâm ― raw rubber

   سنگ خام ― sang-e xâm ― raw ore

   شکر خام ― šekar-e xâm ― unrefined sugar

   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 129:

     عاقبت تو رفت خواهی ناتمام
     کارهاات ابتر و نان تو خام

     'âqebat to raft xâhi nâtamâm
     kâr-hâ-yat abtar o nân-e to xâm

     At the end you will depart incomplete, your affairs marred and your bread unbaked.

2. (figurative)
   1. fresh; green; inexperienced, untrained

      جوان خام ― javân-e xâm ― inexperienced young man/woman

      • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 4457:

        زان بگرداند به هر سو آن لگام
        تا خبر یابد ز فارس اسپ خام

        z-ân be-gardânad be har su ân legâm
        tâ xabar yâbad ze fâres asp-e xâm

        He turns the bridle in every direction in order that the untrained horse may gain knowledge of the rider.

   2. vain; idle (of thoughts, etc.)

      آرزوی خام ― ârezu-ye xâm ― idle wish

      • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 1057:

        گفت من گفتم که عهد آن خسان
        خام باشد خام و سست و نارسان

        goft man goftam ke 'ahd-e ân xasân
        xâm bâšad, xâm o sost o nâresân

        "I said," cried [the lion], "that the promise of those vile ones would be vain—vain and frail and unfulfilled."

   3. bungled, unfinished, poor in quality

      کار خام ― kâr-e xâm ― bungled work

      • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Pōrān Dukht”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎^[5]:

        یکی دختری بود پوران بنام
        چو زن شاه شد کارها گشت خام
        بران تخت شاهیش بنشاندند
        بزرگان برو گوهر افشاندند

        yakē duxtarē būd pōrān ba nām
        čū zan šāh šud kār-hā gašt xām
        bar ān taxt-i šāhī-š binišāndand
        buzurgān bar ō gawhar afšāndand

        There was a girl, Pōrān by name;
        When a woman has become king, affairs have gone bungled.
        [But] she was placed on the royal throne,
        And the great ones scattered jewels upon her.

        (Classical Persian romanization)

Descendants

• → Arabic: خَام (ḵām)
• → Azerbaijani: xam
• → Georgian: ხამი (xami)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خام (ham)
  • Turkish: ham
  • → Armenian: խամ (xam)
• → Pashto: خام (xâm)
• → Uzbek: xom

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “xām”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 93
• Vullers, Johann August (1855) “خام”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[6] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 646

Southeast Pashayi

Noun

خام (xām)

1. boy

Further reading

• Abd-El-Malek Lamuwal, Adam Baker (2013) “Southeastern Pashayi”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 43, Cambridge: International Phonetic Association, pages 243-246