गोधूम

Hindi edit

Etymology edit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोधूम (godhū́ma). Doublet of गेहूँ (gehū̃), a tadbhava.

Pronunciation edit

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɡoː.d̪ʱuːm/, [ɡoː.d̪ʱũːm]

Noun edit

गोधूम • (godhūm) m (rare, formal)

wheat
Synonym: (more common) गेहूँ (gehū̃)
orange
Synonyms: संतरा (santrā), नारंगी (nāraṅgī)

Declension edit

Declension of गोधूम (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	गोधूम godhūm	गोधूम godhūm
oblique	गोधूम godhūm	गोधूमों godhūmõ
vocative	गोधूम godhūm	गोधूमो godhūmo

References edit

Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “गोधूम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
Platts, John T. (1884) “गोधूम”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit edit

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

গোধূম (Assamese script)
ᬕᭀᬥᬹᬫ (Balinese script)
গোধূম (Bengali script)
𑰐𑰺𑰠𑰳𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
ဂေါဓူမ (Burmese script)
ગોધૂમ (Gujarati script)
ਗੋਧੂਮ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌗𑍋𑌧𑍂𑌮 (Grantha script)
ꦒꦺꦴꦣꦹꦩ (Javanese script)
𑂏𑂷𑂡𑂴𑂧 (Kaithi script)
ಗೋಧೂಮ (Kannada script)
គោធូម (Khmer script)
ໂຄຘູມ (Lao script)
ഗോധൂമ (Malayalam script)
ᡤᠣᢡᡠᡠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘐𑘻𑘠𑘴𑘦 (Modi script)
ᠺᠣᠸᠠᢑᠾᠤᠤᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦰𑧜𑧀𑧕𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
𑐐𑑀𑐢𑐹𑐩 (Newa script)
ଗୋଧୂମ (Odia script)
ꢔꣂꢤꢹꢪ (Saurashtra script)
𑆓𑆾𑆣𑆷𑆩 (Sharada script)
𑖐𑖺𑖠𑖳𑖦 (Siddham script)
ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
𑩞𑩕𑩮𑩒𑩛𑩴 (Soyombo script)
𑚌𑚴𑚜𑚱𑚢 (Takri script)
கே³ாதூ⁴ம (Tamil script)
గోధూమ (Telugu script)
โคธูม (Thai script)
གོ་དྷཱུ་མ (Tibetan script)
𑒑𑒼𑒡𑒴𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
𑨍𑨆𑨜𑨃𑨊𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).

Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) +‎ धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɡɐw.dʱúː.mɐ/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

Noun edit

गोधूम • (godhū́ma) stem, m

wheat
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.7.4:
  व्री॒हय॑श्च मे॒ यवाश्च मे॒ माषाश्च मे॒ तिलाश्च मे मु॒द्गाश्च॑ मे ख॒ल्वाश्च मे गो॒धूमाश्च मे म॒सुराश्च मे प्रि॒यङ्ग॑वश्च॒ मेऽण॑वश्च मे श्या॒माकाश्च मे नी॒वाराश्च मे ॥
  vrīháyaśca me yávā́ścá me mā́ṣā́ścá me tílā́ścá mé mudgā́śca me khalvā́ścá mé godhū́mā́ścá mé masúrā́ścá mé priyáṅgavaśca méʼṇavaśca me śyāmā́kā́ścá mé nīvā́rā́ścá mé.
  And to me may rice, barley, beans, sesame, kidney beans, vetches, wheat, lentils, Millet, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum frumentaceum, and wild rice [be granted].
the orange tree
name of a medicinal plant

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of गोधूम (godhū́ma)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	गोधूमः godhū́maḥ	गोधूमौ / गोधूमा¹ godhū́mau / godhū́mā¹	गोधूमाः / गोधूमासः¹ godhū́māḥ / godhū́māsaḥ¹
Vocative	गोधूम gódhūma	गोधूमौ / गोधूमा¹ gódhūmau / gódhūmā¹	गोधूमाः / गोधूमासः¹ gódhūmāḥ / gódhūmāsaḥ¹
Accusative	गोधूमम् godhū́mam	गोधूमौ / गोधूमा¹ godhū́mau / godhū́mā¹	गोधूमान् godhū́mān
Instrumental	गोधूमेन godhū́mena	गोधूमाभ्याम् godhū́mābhyām	गोधूमैः / गोधूमेभिः¹ godhū́maiḥ / godhū́mebhiḥ¹
Dative	गोधूमाय godhū́māya	गोधूमाभ्याम् godhū́mābhyām	गोधूमेभ्यः godhū́mebhyaḥ
Ablative	गोधूमात् godhū́māt	गोधूमाभ्याम् godhū́mābhyām	गोधूमेभ्यः godhū́mebhyaḥ
Genitive	गोधूमस्य godhū́masya	गोधूमयोः godhū́mayoḥ	गोधूमानाम् godhū́mānām
Locative	गोधूमे godhū́me	गोधूमयोः godhū́mayoḥ	गोधूमेषु godhū́meṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants edit

Dardic:
- Kalasha: gúum
Pali: gōdhūma
Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
- Central:
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
    - Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
    - Romani: giv, gišu, gēsū, gēsūwi, giv
      - Lomavren: gihu, giu
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    - Hindustani:
      Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)
      Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
    - Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
      - → Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
    - Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
      - Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
      - Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
    - Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gôhũ), ଗହମ (gôhômô)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
      - Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
    - Western Pahari:
      - Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
      - Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
- Northwestern:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi: गेहूं／گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
        Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
- Southern:
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)
    - Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
    - Konkani: gãv
      Devanagari script: गंव
      Kannada script: ಗಂವ್
      Latin script: gonv
    - Marathi: गहू (gahū)
- Western:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
    - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
      - Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

Borrowed terms

→ Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)
→ Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)
→ Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)
→ Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)
→ Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)

References edit

Monier Williams (1899) “गोधूम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 365, column 1.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 498-9
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “godhū́ma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press