剛毅

See also: 刚毅

Chinese

		hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly	perseverance
trad. (剛毅)		剛	毅
simp. (刚毅)		刚	毅

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāngyì

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ ㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹ ngai⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-gē / kang-gē

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāngyì
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ ㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gangyì
    • Wade–Giles: kang¹-i⁴
    • Yale: gāng-yì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangyih
    • Palladius: ганъи (ganʺi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ i⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gong¹ ngai⁶
    • Yale: gōng ngaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹ ngai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: gong¹ ngei⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ ŋɐi̯²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-gē
    • Tâi-lô: kong-gē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kongge
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ ɡe⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-gē
    • Tâi-lô: kang-gē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kangge
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

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• Middle Chinese: kang ngj+jH

Rime
Character	剛	毅
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古郎切	魚旣切
Baxter	kang	ngj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/ŋɨiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/ŋɨiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/ŋiəiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/ŋɨjH/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/ŋiəiH/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/ŋĭəiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/ŋe̯iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong1	ji6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaŋ  [ŋ]ə[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ  ŋɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	剛	毅
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›	‹ ngjɨjH ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaŋ/	/*[ŋ]ə[t]-s/
English	strong; hard	bold
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	剛	毅
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3713	15115
Phonetic component	岡	豙
Rime group	陽	隊
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	岡
Old Chinese	/*klaːŋ/	/*ŋɯds/

Adjective

剛毅

1. resolute; steadfast

   • 呂后為人剛毅，佐高祖定天下，所誅大臣多呂后力。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吕后为人刚毅，佐高祖定天下，所诛大臣多吕后力。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Lǚhòu wéirén gāngyì, zuǒ Gāozǔ dìng tiānxià, suǒzhū dàchén duō Lǚhòu lì. [Pinyin]

     Empress Lü was a steadfast and resolute person. She helped Gaozu stabilize all under heaven. Many great ministers were executed because of Empress Lü's power.

Synonyms

• 倔強／倔强
• 儼硬／俨硬 (Hokkien)
• 剛強／刚强 (gāngqiáng)
• 剛愎／刚愎 (gāngbì) (literary)
• 剛烈／刚烈 (gāngliè)
• 堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
• 堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
• 婞直 (xìngzhí)
• 悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
• 擰／拧 (nìng)
• 頑強／顽强 (wánqiáng)