-'da
Ye'kwana edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Cariban *pɨra; compare Apalaí pyra, -ra, Kari'na -`pa, Trió -hra, Wayana -la, Waiwai pïra, -hra, Akawaio pïra, Macushi pra, Pemon püra.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-'da
- Negates a verb, resulting in a non-finite adverbial form that cannot bear tense, aspect, or mood markers.
- Negates a postposition or adverb, including nominal elements adverbialized with -je.
Usage notes edit
When this suffix is attached to intransitive verb stems, they do not bear person markers. Consonant-initial stems experience palatalization of their initial consonants, and, if a stem begins with two consonants, this suffix takes the form of a circumfix i- -'da instead of its ordinary shape.
With transitive verb stems, on the other hand, person markers are present and agree with the patient argument of the verb; first- and second-person markers are series I, while the third-person marker is ön- (or one of its allomorphs), which is also found with other negative verb forms.
The suffix form -'cha is found after stems that end in i. This suffix can also cause reduction of the preceding syllable.
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-'da”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[1], Lyon, pages 125, 136, 156–157, 199–200, 204–205
- Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) “”, in The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 309–311