Appendix:Historical Koreanic numerals
See also: Appendix:Korean numbers
This appendix gives attested forms of one-digit numbers in historical stages of Korean. Due to a poor understanding of Korean historical phonology, definitive Proto-Koreanic forms cannot yet be uncontroversially reconstructed. The modern dialectal forms do not diverge greatly either between each other or from Middle Korean, so they have not been included.
Middle and Modern Korean reconstructions are in Yale. Spacing marks presumed syllable boundaries in Chinese transcriptions, and hyphens mark clear morpheme boundaries. /j/ given in the cited sources, written with the IPA glyph, has been changed to <y> for visual consistency with Yale.
One edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mokgan #318 (Mireuk-sa #1) | before 716 | 伽第𢀳 | *gad-əp | May represent the Baekje language. *-əp is probably a suffix. |
| Old Korean | Sixth to thirteenth centuries | 一等 一等隱 一隱 |
[?]tən | Only the final syllable is written phonogramically. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 河屯 | *ɦɑ tʰuən | |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | カタナ | *katana | |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 哈那 | hā nà | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean isolated form | Mid-15th c. | ᄒᆞ낳〮 (hònáh) | hònáh | Modern Seoul 하나 (hana). |
| Middle Korean combining form | ᄒᆞᆫ (hon) | hòn | Modern Seoul 한 (han). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("one day") | ᄒᆞᄅᆞ (holo) (isolation) ᄒᆞᆯㄹ (holl)(combining) |
hòl-ò (isolation) hòl-l- (combining) |
Modern Seoul 하루 (halwu). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("one year old") | Mid-20th c. | 하릅 | hal-up |
Two edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mokgan #318 (Mireuk-sa #1) | before 716 | 矣毛𢀳 | *iter-əp | May represent the Baekje language. *-əp is probably a suffix. |
| Old Korean | Sixth to thirteenth centuries | 二尸 | [?]l | Only the final consonant is written phonogramically. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 途孛 | *tʰuo puət̚ | Leishi *-t̚ corresponds to Korean *-t, *-s, *-c, or *-l. |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | ツフリ | *tufuri | |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 覩卜二 | dǔ bǔèr | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean isolated form | Mid-15th c. | 둟〯 (twǔlh) | twǔlh | Modern Seoul 둘 (twul). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. The Yukjin dialect has 두울 (twuwul), allowing reconstruction of pre-Middle Korean *두블 (*twupul) even without the aforementioned attestations. |
| Middle Korean combining form | 두〯 (twǔ) | twǔ | Modern Seoul 두 (twu). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. | |
| Middle Korean ten form ("twenty") | 스〮믏〮 (súmúlh) | súmúlh | Seems to be suppletive. Modern Seoul 스물 (sumwul). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("two days") | 이틀〮 (ìthúl) | ìt-húl | Modern Seoul 이틀 (ithul). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("two years old") | Mid-20th c. | 이듭 | it-up |
Three edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mokgan #318 (Mireuk-sa #1) | before 716 | 新台𢀳 | *said-əp | May represent the Baekje language. *-əp is probably a suffix. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 洒 厮乃切 | *sai | |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | サヰ | *sawi | This is actually given as the word for "four", but this seems to be a scribal corruption of the order. |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 色二 | sè'èr | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean isolated form | Mid-15th c. | 셓〯 (sěyh) | sěyh | Modern Seoul 셋 (seys). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. |
| Middle Korean combining form | 서〯 (sě) 세〯 (sěy) 석〯 (sěk) |
sě sěy sěk |
Modern Seoul 세 (sey). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. | |
| Middle Korean ten form ("thirty") | 셜흔〮 (syèlhún) | syèlhún | Modern Seoul 서른 (selun). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("three days") | 사ᄋᆞᆯ〮 (sàól) 사ᄒᆞᆯ〮 (sàhól) |
sà-ól sà-hól/sàh-ól |
Modern Seoul 사흘 (sahul). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("three years old") | Mid-20th c. | 사릅 | sal-up |
Four edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old Korean | Sixth to thirteenth centuries | 四利 | [?](r)i | Only the final syllable is written phonogramically. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 迺 | *nai | |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | トヰ | *towi | Scribal corruption; presumably ナヰ (*nawi) was intended. Originally given as the word for "three". |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 餒一 | něi yī | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean isolated form | Mid-15th c. | 넿〯 (něyh) | něyh | Modern Seoul 넷 (neys). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. |
| Middle Korean combining form | 너〯 (ně) 네〯 (něy) 넉〯 (něk) |
ně něy něk |
Modern Seoul 네 (ney). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. | |
| Middle Korean ten form ("forty") | 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 (màzón) | màzón | Possibly suppletive. Modern Seoul 마흔 (mahun). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("four days") | 나ᄋᆞᆯ〮 (nàól) 나ᄒᆞᆯ〮 (nàhól) |
nà-ól nà-hól/nàh-ól |
Modern Seoul 나흘 (nahul). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("four years old") | Mid-20th c. | 나릅 | nal-up |
Five edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mokgan #318 (Mireuk-sa #1) | before 716 | 刀士𢀳 | *tas-əp | May represent the Baekje language. *-əp is probably a suffix. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 打戌 | *ta siuɪt̚ | Leishi *-t̚ corresponds to Korean *-t, *-s, *-c, or *-l. |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | ハスス | *fasusu | Scribal corruption. Perhaps the first character is a misreading of the lower part of タ (ta). Originally given as the word for "six". |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 打色 | dǎ sè | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean isolated form | Mid-15th c. | 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 (tàsós) | tàsós | Modern Seoul 다섯 (tases). |
| Middle Korean combining form | 닷 (tas) | tàs | Fossilized in Modern Seoul. | |
| Middle Korean ten form ("fifty") | 쉰〯 (swǔyn) | swǔyn | Seems to be suppletive. Modern Seoul 쉰 (swuyn). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("five days") | 닷쇄〮 (tàsswáy) | tàsswó-ay | Modern Seoul 닷새 (tassay). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("five years old") | Mid-20th c. | 다습 | tas-up |
Six edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 逸戌 | *iɪt̚ siuɪt̚ | Leishi *-t̚ corresponds to Korean *-t, *-s, *-c, or *-l. |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | エスス | *yesusu | Originally given as the word for "five", but the order appears to have been switched due to scribal corruption. |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 耶沁 | yé qìn | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean isolated form | Mid-15th c. | 여슷〮 (yèsús) | yèsús | Modern Seoul 여섯 (yeses). The Jeju language has ᄋᆢᄉᆞᆺ (yosos), allowing reconstruction of pre-Middle Korean *ᄋᆢᄉᆞᆺ (*yosos). |
| Middle Korean combining form | 엿 (yes) | yès | Fossilized in Modern Seoul. | |
| Middle Korean ten form ("sixty") | 여ᄉᆔᆫ〯 (yèsyǔyn) | yèsywǔyn | Modern Seoul 예순 (yeyswun). Rising pitch implies earlier disyllabic form. | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("six days") | 엿쇄〮 (yèsswáy) | yèsswo-áy | Modern Seoul 엿새 (yessay). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("six years old") | Mid-20th c. | 여습 | yes-up |
Seven edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mokgan #318 (Mireuk-sa #1) | before 716 | 日古𢀳 | *nirko-p | May represent the Baekje language. *-p is probably a suffix. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 一急 | *ʔiɪt̚ kiɪp̚ | Leishi *-t̚ corresponds to Korean *-t, *-s, *-c, or *-l. |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | タリクニ | *tarikuni | Apparently scribal corruption of the first character. |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 你谷 | nǐ gǔ | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean | Mid-15th c. | 닐굽〮 (nìlkwúp) | nìlkwúp | Modern Seoul 일곱 (ilkwop). |
| Middle Korean ten form ("seventy") | 닐흔〮 (nìlhún) | nìlhún | Modern Seoul 일흔 (ilhun). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("seven days") | 닐웨〮 (nìlwéy) | nìlGwu-éy | Modern Seoul 이레 (iley). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("seven years old") | Mid-20th c. | 이롭 | ilwo-p |
Eight edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mokgan #318 (Mireuk-sa #1) | before 716 | 今毛𢀳 [以?]如𢀳 |
*yeter-əp *yət-ap |
May represent the Baekje language. *-əp is probably a suffix. |
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 逸荅 | *iɪt̚ tʌp̚ | Leishi *-t̚ corresponds to Korean *-t, *-s, *-c, or *-l. |
| Nichū-reki | 1190s | エタリ | *yetari | Originally given as the word for "nine", but the order appears to have been switched due to scribal corruption. |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 耶得二 | yé dé'èr | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean | Mid-15th c. | 여ᄃᆞᆲ〮 (yètólp) 여듧〮 (yètúlp) |
yètólp yètúlp |
Modern Seoul 여덟 (yetelp). The Jeju language has ᄋᆢᄃᆞᆸ (yotop), allowing reconstruction of pre-Middle Korean *ᄋᆢᄃᆞᆲ (*yotolp). |
| Middle Korean ten form ("eighty") | 여든〮 (yètún) | yètún | Modern Seoul 여든 (yetun). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("eight days") | 여ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (yètóláy) | yèt-ól-áy | Modern Seoul 여드레 (yetuley). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("eight years old") | Mid-20th c. | 여듭 | yet-up |
Nine edit
| Source | Year | Form | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jilin leishi | 1103 | 鴉好 | *ʔa hɑu | |
| Chaoxian Guanyiyu | Late 14th c. | 阿戶 | ā hù | Romanization in modern pinyin. |
| Middle Korean | Mid-15th c. | 아홉〮 (àhwóp) | àhwóp | Modern Seoul 아홉 (ahwop). |
| Middle Korean ten form ("ninety") | 아ᄒᆞᆫ〮 (àhón) | àhón | Modern Seoul 아흔 (ahun). | |
| Middle Korean number of day word ("nine days") | 아ᄒᆞ〮래〮 (àhóláy) | àh-ól-áy | Modern Seoul 아흐레 (ahuley). | |
| Seoul Korean cattle age word ("nine years old") | Mid-20th c. | 아습 | as-up |
References edit
- 조규태 [jogyutae] (2006) “한국어 수사의 어원과 어형 변화에 대하여 [han'gugeo susaui eowon'gwa eohyeong byeonhwa'e daehayeo, On the etymologies and changes of Korean numerals]”, in Eomunhak, volume 94, pages 81—117
- Alexander Vovin (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN, pages 180—181, 219—221
- 이승재 [iseungjae] (2017) 木簡에 기록된 古代韓國語 [The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets], Ilchogak, →ISBN, pages 70—140, 266—267