Appendix:Morse code

Morse code edit

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Morse code

Morse code is a system for communicating characters via short and long auditory or visual pulses. Auditory pulses can include beeps, tones, or taps. Visual pulses can include flashing lights, heliograph, or eye blinking. When rendered visually on paper or screens, short and long pulses are commonly represented using dots and dashes but there are no designated Unicode characters for them; here they are represented by ▪ and ━. Short pulses are commonly called dits, and long pulses dahs.

Created originally for telegraphy by Samuel Morse around 1840, some encodings have been updated since their creation. The modern encodings used here are the International Morse Code system. This appendix currently covers only the encodings of Latin characters, but editors are invited to add Morse code of other writing systems as well.

Pulse and silence lengths edit

Short and long silences delimit characters and words. The length of a short pulse defines the base time unit, and differs between users based on competency.

short pulse (dot / dit /▪)	1 unit
long pulse (dash / dah / ━)	3 units
silence between pulses	1 unit
silence between letters	3 units
silence between words	7 units

Encoding charts edit

Letters are represented by 1–4 pulses. The most common letters are assigned the shortest strings of pulses. There is no distinction between uppercase and lowercase. Numbers are represented by 5-pulse strings in an incrementing pattern. Punctuation is represented by 5–6-pulse strings in mostly symmetrical patterns.

Letters (1–4 pulses)
A	▪ ━	H	▪▪▪▪	O	━ ━ ━	V	▪▪▪ ━
B	━ ▪▪▪	I	▪▪	P	▪ ━ ━ ▪	W	▪ ━ ━
C	━ ▪ ━ ▪	J	▪ ━ ━ ━	Q	━ ━ ▪ ━	X	━ ▪▪ ━
D	━ ▪▪	K	━ ▪ ━	R	▪ ━ ▪	Y	━ ▪ ━ ━
E	▪	L	▪ ━ ▪▪	S	▪▪▪	Z	━ ━ ▪▪
F	▪▪ ━ ▪	M	━ ━	T	━
G	━ ━ ▪	N	━ ▪	U	▪▪ ━

Numbers (5 pulses)
1 ▪ ━ ━ ━ ━	2 ▪▪ ━ ━ ━	3 ▪▪▪ ━ ━	4 ▪▪▪▪ ━	5 ▪▪▪▪▪
6 ━ ▪▪▪▪	7 ━ ━ ▪▪▪	8 ━ ━ ━ ▪▪	9 ━ ━ ━ ━ ▪	0 ━ ━ ━ ━ ━

Punctuation marks (5–6 pulses)
Period	.	▪ ━ ▪ ━ ▪ ━	Quotation	"	▪ ━ ▪▪ ━ ▪
Comma	,	━ ━ ▪▪ ━ ━	Equals	=	━ ▪▪▪ ━
Question	?	▪▪ ━ ━ ▪▪	Hyphen-minus	-	━ ▪▪▪▪ ━
Exclamation	!	━ ▪ ━ ▪ ━ ━	Plus	+	▪ ━ ▪ ━ ▪
Colon	:	━ ━ ━ ▪▪▪	Underscore	_	▪▪ ━ ━ ▪ ━
Semicolon	;	━ ▪ ━ ▪ ━ ▪	Ampersand	&	▪ ━ ▪▪▪
Slash	/	━ ▪▪ ━ ▪	Dollar	$	▪▪▪ ━ ▪▪ ━
Open bracket	(	━ ▪ ━ ━ ▪	At	@	▪ ━ ━ ▪ ━ ▪
Close bracket	)	━ ▪ ━ ━ ▪ ━	Slash	/	━ ▪▪ ━ ▪
Apostrophe	'	▪ ━ ━ ━ ━ ▪

Procedural signs (telegraphy abbreviations)
Meaning	Morse code	Equivalent to
Start of message	━ ▪ ━ ▪ ━	CT
End of message	▪▪▪ ━ ▪ ━	SK
Over ("I'm done; go ahead.")	━ ▪ ━	K
Wait	▪ ━ ▪▪▪	AS
Roger ("Message received.")	▪ ━ ▪	R
Error ("Disregard previous message. Correction follows.")	▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪	HH

Decoding chart edit

For decoding Morse code, beginners may find a chart arranged in a binary manner more useful than an alphabetical chart.

pulses	Starts with dit								Starts with dah
1	▪ E								━ T
2	▪▪ I				▪ ━ A				━ ▪ N				━ ━ M
3	▪▪▪ S		▪▪ ━ U		▪ ━ ▪ R		▪ ━ ━ W		━ ▪▪ D		━ ▪ ━ K		━ ━ ▪ G		━ ━ ━ O
4	▪▪▪▪ H	▪▪▪ ━ V	▪▪ ━ ▪ F	▪▪ ━ ━ none	▪ ━ ▪▪ L	▪ ━▪ ━ none	▪ ━ ━ ▪ P	▪ ━ ━ ━ J	━ ▪▪▪ B	━ ▪▪ ━ X	━ ▪ ━ ▪ C	━ ▪ ━ ━ Y	━ ━ ▪▪ Z	━ ━ ▪ ━ Q	━ ━ ━▪ none	━ ━ ━ ━ none

Abbreviations edit

━ ━ ━▪▪ ━ ━ ━▪▪: love and kisses
▪▪▪━ ━ ━▪▪▪: SOS