Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-þuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /θuz/

Noun

*-þuz m

1. Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.

Inflection

u-stemDeclension of *-þuz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-þuz	*-þiwiz
vocative	*-þu	*-þiwiz
accusative	*-þų	*-þunz
genitive	*-þauz	*-þiwǫ̂
dative	*-þiwi	*-þumaz
instrumental	*-þū	*-þumiz

Usage notes

There are several variant forms based on the final consonant of the stem and the original position of the accent:

• Ending in a dental: *-suz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Ending in an obstruent: *-tuz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Otherwise: *-þuz, *-duz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-þuz

Descendants

This suffix appears to no longer have been productive in most daughter languages. The following lists outcomes of derived terms.

• Proto-West Germanic:
  • Old English: -þ, -d, -t
    • Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
      • English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
      • Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
  • Old Saxon: -th
  • Old Dutch: *-t
    • Dutch: -t, -d, -de
  • Old High German: -d; -t
    • Middle High German: -?; -t
      • German: -de, -d; -t
• Proto-Norse:
  • Old Norse: -ðr
    • Icelandic: -ður
    • Faroese: -ður
    • Swedish: -d
    • Danish: -d
• Gothic: -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus)