-de
Afrikaans edit
Etymology edit
Suffix edit
-de
- -st, -th, -nd; Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.
Usage notes edit
The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with -ste, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for example honderd-en-tweede (“hundred and second”), honderd-en-vyfde (“hundred and fifth”), but honderd-en-agtste (“hundred and eighth”).
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de).
Coordinate terms edit
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-de
- Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.
Usage notes edit
The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except eerste and achtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with -ste.
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de). The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2de, 9de), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]
References edit
German edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet -te (from Low German). Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-de
- (rare, not productive) forms abstract nouns from adjectives
Derived terms edit
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-de
Usage notes edit
- (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -de | -dék |
accusative | -dét | -déket |
dative | -dének | -déknek |
instrumental | -dével | -dékkel |
causal-final | -déért | -dékért |
translative | -dévé | -dékké |
terminative | -déig | -dékig |
essive-formal | -deként | -dékként |
essive-modal | -déül | -dékül |
inessive | -dében | -dékben |
superessive | -dén | -déken |
adessive | -dénél | -déknél |
illative | -débe | -dékbe |
sublative | -dére | -dékre |
allative | -déhez | -dékhez |
elative | -déből | -dékből |
delative | -déről | -dékről |
ablative | -détől | -déktől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
-déé | -déké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
-dééi | -dékéi |
Possessive forms of -de | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | -dém | -déim |
2nd person sing. | -déd | -déid |
3rd person sing. | -déje | -déi |
1st person plural | -dénk | -déink |
2nd person plural | -détek | -déitek |
3rd person plural | -déjük | -déik |
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Low German edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Low German -ede, from Old Saxon -itha, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-de
- appended to an adjective, it makes a feminine noun referring to the size of the quality referred to by the adjective, cognate to -th.
- appended to the stem of a verb, yields a feminine noun which refers to the object of such a verb.
Usage notes edit
The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, Süükde is more often found as Süük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. Hööchde can be found as Hööchd and Leevde as Leevd, with loss of the final -e. Though this process exists, the forms in -de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: Süükde → Süük, Stillde → Still, Mengde → Meng, Stärkde → both Stärkde and Stärkd. Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are Grött (“size”) and Hitt (“heat”).
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Middle English edit
Suffix edit
-de
- Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)
Murui Huitoto edit
Etymology edit
Cognates include Minica Huitoto -de and Nüpode Huitoto -de.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-de
- Used to derive verbs from roots.
Conjugation edit
Nonfuture indicative | Future indicative | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | ||||||
m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||
1st sg | -dɨkue | -ñedɨkue | 1st sg | -itɨkue | -ñeitɨkue | ||||
2nd sg | -do | -ñedo | 2nd sg | -ito | -ñeito | ||||
3rd sg anim1) | -dɨmɨe | -dɨñaiño | -ñedɨmɨe | -ñedɨñaiño | 3rd sg anim1) | -itɨmɨe | -itɨñaiño | -ñeitɨmɨe | -ñeitɨñaiño |
1st du | -dɨkoko | -dɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñedɨkoko | -ñedɨkaɨñaɨ | 1st du | -itɨkoko | -itɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñeitɨkoko | -ñeitɨkaɨñaɨ |
2nd du | -domɨko | -domɨñoɨ | -ñedomɨko | -ñedomɨñoɨ | 2nd du | -itomɨko | -itomɨñoɨ | -ñeitomɨko | -ñeitomɨñoɨ |
3rd du anim1) | -daɨmaiaɨ | -daɨñuaɨ | -ñedaɨmaiaɨ | -ñedaɨñuaɨ | 3rd du anim1) | -itaɨmaiaɨ | -itaɨñuaɨ | -ñeitaɨmaiaɨ | -ñeitaɨñuaɨ |
1st pl | -dɨkaɨ | -ñedɨkaɨ | 1st pl | -itɨkaɨ | -ñeitɨkaɨ | ||||
2nd pl | -domoɨ | -ñedomoɨ | 2nd pl | -itomoɨ | -ñeitomoɨ | ||||
3rd pl anim1) | -dɨmakɨ | -ñedɨmakɨ | 3rd pl anim1) | -itɨmakɨ | -ñeitɨmakɨ | ||||
3rd neut | -de | -ñede | 3rd neut | -ite | -ñeite | ||||
Imperative | Apprehensive | Future event | Passive | Negative passive | Overlap | ||||
simple | immediate | prohibitive | nonfuture | future | nonfuture | future | |||
-no! | -nokai! | -ñeno! | -iza! | -ye | -ga | -yɨ | -ñega | -ñeyɨ | -kana |
Conditional | 1) The animate 3rd singular inflections are only used when the animacy of the subject needs to be emphasised. Otherwise, the neutral 3rd singular is used. *) Same-time forms may be formed from any indicative form by adding the ending -mo directly to the inflected form. **) The evidentiality markers -dɨ, -za and -ta may be added to any indicative form. | ||||||||
real | hypothetical | immediate | |||||||
-ia | -na | -kaina |
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 103
Old Irish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Celtic *-adyos, cognate with Middle Breton -eid.[1]
Suffix edit
-de
- Used to form adjectives from nouns, denoting quality, kind, origin or material.
Derived terms edit
References edit
Further reading edit
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 347
Swedish edit
Alternative forms edit
Suffix edit
-de
- Creates the past tense of weak verbs in the first conjugation.
Usage notes edit
Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:
- I swam 25 meters!
See also edit
Anagrams edit
Turkish edit
Etymology edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـدا (-de, “locative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-te (“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of *-ta. Cognate with Karakhanid ـدا (-dē, “locative suffix”), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰀 (t²a /-te/, “locative suffix”).
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-de
- Used to form locative of nouns.
- Indicates time, at
- beşte ― at five o'clock
- kapanış saatinde ― at closing time
- when
- Yoğun bakımda kendine geldiğinde ilk sözü "Ne zaman aşı yaptırabilirim" oldu.
- First thing he said when he regained consciousness in the intensive care was "when can I get vaccinated".
- over
Usage notes edit
- This version is used when the noun's final vowel is a front vowel (Ee, İi, Öö, or Üü).
- In cases where a noun's final vowel is a back vowel (Aa, Iı, Oo, or Uu) and doesn't end with a clear l sound, it takes the form “-da”.
- It takes the form of “-te” when the noun’s final consonant is devoiced.
- An apostrophe is mandatory when forming the locative of a proper noun.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Wutunhua edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix edit
-de
- -'s, of (but with the order switched); attached to nouns to mark the genitive case.
- nga-n-de hua
- our speech (the local name for the Wutunhua language)
- gu da gejhai-de niren-ha gga-la-di mi-li.
- He doesn't like his girlfriend anymore.
- ngu reben-de ren-ha qong-je-lio.
- I met a person from Japan.
- that, who; attached to nouns, adjectives, verbs, or phrases to mark them as attributive.
- jjekzhen je-ge-li zui xho-de ti
- the best place in this world; the place which is best in this world
- -ing; attached to verbals to form a noun phrase or nominal expression.
- gu qhi-di-de-ge ngu sawo jedo-gu-lio.
- I know that he went away.
- (literally, “[As for] his going, I know it.”)
- -er; attached to verbs to form agent nouns.
- lu wanlan-de ― construction worker (literally, “road-maker”)
- xai-de ― writing tool (literally, “writer”)
- en lhazzo-de bbakzzo-de en da rek mezzhawo jhi-ge yek-li.
- [There are] thangka painters and mask painters; there are different kinds of professionals.
- Attached for emphasis.
- a a da mazang-de.
- Oh, oh, that is very bad!
Etymology 2 edit
Suffix edit
-de
- so much that (attached to the main verb)
- gu ni ddo-di-de gu-dera qe-di mi-li.
- S/he thinks about you so much that it is impossible for him/her to eat any of those.
- Attached to the main verb to indicate that the subsequent verb or adjective is used as an adverb of the main verb.
- gu xai-de xaige xho-li.
- S/he writes very well.
References edit
Ye'kwana edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix edit
-de
- Intensifier that attaches to adverbs, used especially in contexts of surprise.
- Used in certain contexts to soften speech or make it more polite.
Usage notes edit
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
Etymology 2 edit
Suffix edit
-de
Usage notes edit
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.
References edit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗de, ⸗:de”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[3], Lyon, pages 162, 222