Appendix:Slovene nouns/first neuter declension

The first neuter declension follow all nouns that have ending -a in genitive singular. Nouns can follow all accentual types and some can change gender and become masculine in dual and plural.

Basic Sample

There is distinction between hard and soft stems. Soft stems (those ending in -c, -j, -č, -ž, -š) have -e- in endings instead of -o-:

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	jẹ̑zero
gen. sing.	jẹ̑zera
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	jẹ̑zero	jẹ̑zeri	jẹ̑zera
genitive rodȋlnik	jẹ̑zera	jẹ̑zer	jẹ̑zer
dative dajȃlnik	jẹ̑zeru, jẹ̑zeri	jẹ̑zeroma, jẹ̑zerama	jẹ̑zerom, jẹ̑zeram
accusative tožȋlnik	jẹ̑zero	jẹ̑zeri	jẹ̑zera
locative mẹ̑stnik	jẹ̑zeru, jẹ̑zeri	jẹ̑zerih, jẹ̑zerah	jẹ̑zerih, jẹ̑zerah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	jẹ̑zerom	jẹ̑zeroma, jẹ̑zerama	jẹ̑zeri
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	jẹ̑zero	jẹ̑zeri	jẹ̑zera

First neuter declension (soft o-stem) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	sọ̑nce
gen. sing.	sọ̑nca
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca
genitive rodȋlnik	sọ̑nca	sọ̑nc	sọ̑nc
dative dajȃlnik	sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci	sọ̑ncema, sọ̑ncama	sọ̑ncem, sọ̑ncam
accusative tožȋlnik	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca
locative mẹ̑stnik	sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci	sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah	sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	sọ̑ncem	sọ̑ncema, sọ̑ncama	sọ̑nci
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca

Alterations

Note: the second form is, if not otherwise denoted, in genitive singular

• Nouns can have -s-, -t-, or -n- infix and then have no ending in nominative singular.

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -s- infix
nom. sing.	ojẹ̑
gen. sing.	ojẹ̑sa
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	ojẹ̑	ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sa
genitive rodȋlnik	ojẹ̑sa	ojẹ̑s	ojẹ̑s
dative dajȃlnik	ojẹ̑su, ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑soma, ojẹ̑sama	ojẹ̑som, ojẹ̑sam
accusative tožȋlnik	ojẹ̑	ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sa
locative mẹ̑stnik	ojẹ̑su, ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sih, ojẹ̑sah	ojẹ̑sih, ojẹ̑sah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	ojẹ̑som	ojẹ̑soma, ojẹ̑sama	ojẹ̑si
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	ojẹ̑	ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sa

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -t- infix, change of open-mid to close-mid vowel
nom. sing.	deklȅ
gen. sing.	deklẹ́ta
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	deklȅ	deklẹ̄ti	deklẹ̑ta
genitive rodȋlnik	deklẹ́ta	deklẹ̑t	deklẹ̑t
dative dajȃlnik	deklẹ̄tu, deklẹ̄ti	deklẹ̄toma, deklẹ̄tama	deklẹ̑tom, deklẹ̑tam
accusative tožȋlnik	deklȅ	deklẹ̄ti	deklẹ̑ta
locative mẹ̑stnik	deklẹ̄tu, deklẹ̄ti	deklẹ̑tih, deklẹ̑tah	deklẹ̑tih, deklẹ̑tah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	deklẹ́tom	deklẹ̄toma, deklẹ̄tama	deklẹ̑ti
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	deklȅ	deklẹ̑ti	deklẹ̑ta

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -n- infix
nom. sing.	imẹ̑
gen. sing.	imẹ̑na
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	imẹ̑	imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑na
genitive rodȋlnik	imẹ̑na	imẹ̑n	imẹ̑n
dative dajȃlnik	imẹ̑nu, imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑noma, imẹ̑nama	imẹ̑nom, imẹ̑nam
accusative tožȋlnik	imẹ̑	imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑na
locative mẹ̑stnik	imẹ̑nu, imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑nih, imẹ̑nah	imẹ̑nih, imẹ̑nah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	imẹ̑nom	imẹ̑noma, imẹ̑nama	imẹ̑ni
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	imẹ̑	imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑na

• In mixed accentual types, unstressed e and o can either become IPA^(key): /e/ or IPA^(key): /o/, IPA^(key): /ɛ/ or IPA^(key): /ɔ/, or both (srebrọ̑ dative singular srẹ̄bru/srēbru, mesọ̑ dative singular mẹ̄su/mēsu).

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , long mixed accent, close-mid or open-mid vowel on the stem (singularia tantum)
nom. sing.	mesọ̑
gen. sing.	mesȃ
	singular
nominative imenovȃlnik	mesọ̑
genitive rodȋlnik	mesȃ
dative dajȃlnik	mẹ̄su, mēsu, mẹ̄si, mēsi
accusative tožȋlnik	mesọ̑
locative mẹ̑stnik	mẹ̄su, mēsu, mẹ̄si, mēsi
instrumental orọ̑dnik	mẹ̄som, mēsom
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	mesọ̑

• Some nouns with a stressed IPA^(key): /ɛ/ or IPA^(key): /ɔ/ can also have dual and plural forms with IPA^(key): /e/ or IPA^(key): /o/, such as ókno, nominative plural ókna/ȏkna/ọ́kna and rébro, nominative plural rébra/rȇbra/rẹ́bra/rẹ̑bra.

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, fill vowel ə, has alternative close-mid vowel form in plural
nom. sing.	ókno
gen. sing.	ókna
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	ókno	ōkni	ōkna, ọ́kna
genitive rodȋlnik	ókna	ȏken, ọ́ken	ȏken, ọ́ken
dative dajȃlnik	óknu, ókni	ōknoma, ōknama	ōknom, ọ́knom, ōknam, ọ́knam
accusative tožȋlnik	ókno	ōkni	ōkna, ọ́kna
locative mẹ̑stnik	óknu, ókni	ōknih, ọ́knih, ōknah, ọ́knah	ōknih, ọ́knih, ōknah, ọ́knah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	óknom	ōknoma, ōknama	ōkni, ọ́kni
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	ȏkno	ȏkni	ȏkna, ọ̑kna

• Nouns ending in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by -r, -lj, or -nj, have a fill vowel IPA^(key): /ə/ or IPA^(key): /i/, if the stem ends in -j, when there is a null ending (ókno genitive plural óken, poslọ̑pje genitive plural poslọ̑pij) Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel IPA^(key): /ə/ in genitive dual/plural. Noun dnȍ 'bottom' has an ending -ov or, as tlȁ, has a fill vowel -a- (tlȁ tál/táł, dnȍ dnȍv/dán), but the -ovversion is preferred. Noun dnȍ is also irregular in locative where it is either dnȉh or dnẹ́h (dnȉh is preferred) and noun tlȁ is also irregular in locative and instrumental (nominative plural tlȁ locative plural tlẹ́h instrumental plural tlẹ́mi/tlí).

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, fill vowel i
nom. sing.	poslọ̑pje
gen. sing.	poslọ̑pja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	poslọ̑pje	poslọ̑pji	poslọ̑pja
genitive rodȋlnik	poslọ̑pja	poslọ̑pij	poslọ̑pij
dative dajȃlnik	poslọ̑pju, poslọ̑pji	poslọ̑pjema, poslọ̑pjama	poslọ̑pjem, poslọ̑pjam
accusative tožȋlnik	poslọ̑pje	poslọ̑pji	poslọ̑pja
locative mẹ̑stnik	poslọ̑pju, poslọ̑pji	poslọ̑pjih, poslọ̑pjah	poslọ̑pjih, poslọ̑pjah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	poslọ̑pjem	poslọ̑pjema, poslọ̑pjama	poslọ̑pji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	poslọ̑pje	poslọ̑pji	poslọ̑pja

• A few neuter s-stem nouns show the effects of the Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix -es-:
  • The noun okọ̑ has the stem očẹ̑s-. It also has a shorter plural stem oč- when referring to human eyes. This stem is feminine rather than neuter, and follows the mixed i-stem declension.
  • The noun uhọ̑ has the stem ušẹ́s-, with a change in accent type. The genitive plural allows both accents.
  • The noun igọ̑ has the stem ižẹ̑s-.

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -s- infix, showing signs of Slavic first palatalization, change of -o to -e
nom. sing.	okọ̑
gen. sing.	očẹ̑sa
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	okọ̑	očẹ̑si	očẹ̑sa
genitive rodȋlnik	očẹ̑sa	očẹ̑s	očẹ̑s
dative dajȃlnik	očẹ̑su, očẹ̑si	očẹ̑soma, očẹ̑sama	očẹ̑som, očẹ̑sam
accusative tožȋlnik	okọ̑	očẹ̑si	očẹ̑sa
locative mẹ̑stnik	očẹ̑su, očẹ̑si	očẹ̑sih, očẹ̑sah	očẹ̑sih, očẹ̑sah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	očẹ̑som	očẹ̑soma, očẹ̑sama	očẹ̑si
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	okọ̑	očẹ̑si	očẹ̑sa

• Noun dŕva 'firewood' is also irregular, having two forms for locative and instrumental: nominative plural dŕva locative plural drvẹ́h/dr̄vih, instrumental plural drvmí/dŕvi. The irregular forms are preferred.

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, special accent type for plural (genitive plural allows both accents) (pluralia tantum)
nom. plur.	dŕva
gen. plur.	dr̄v
	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	dŕva
genitive rodȋlnik	dr̄v
dative dajȃlnik	dŕvam
accusative tožȋlnik	dŕva
locative mẹ̑stnik	dŕvih, dŕvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	dŕvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	dȓva

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , short ending accent, locative plural drvẹ́h, instrumental plural drvmí (pluralia tantum)
nom. plur.	drvȁ
gen. plur.	dŕv
	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	drvȁ
genitive rodȋlnik	dŕv
dative dajȃlnik	drvȁm
accusative tožȋlnik	drvȁ
locative mẹ̑stnik	drvẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	drvmí
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	drvȁ

• Some nouns, such as črevọ̑ (stem črevẹ̑s-) lose the infix in the plural: črẹ́va.

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent, -s- infix, loses the infix in plural
nom. sing.	črevọ̑
gen. sing.	črevẹ̑sa
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	črevọ̑	črevẹ̑si	črevẹ̑si
genitive rodȋlnik	črevẹ̑sa	črẹ̑v	črẹ́va
dative dajȃlnik	črevẹ̑su, črevẹ̑si	črevẹ̑soma, črevẹ̑sama	črẹ̑v, črẹ̑vam
accusative tožȋlnik	črevọ̑	črevẹ̑si	črẹ̑vom
locative mẹ̑stnik	črevẹ̑su, črevẹ̑si	črẹ̑vih, črẹ̑vah	črẹ̑vih, črẹ̑vah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	črevẹ̑som	črẹ̑vih, črevẹ̑sama	črẹ̑vih
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	črevọ̑	črevẹ̑soma	črẹ̑vi

Colloquial and archaic forms

• In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. This form was already included in the examples above.
• In the 18th century the endings -ama, -am, and -ah were more common; nowadays they are purely dialectal. These forms are also already included.
• All nowadays soft stems were up to 19th century declined as hard and that also holds true for most dialects.

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	sọ̑nce
gen. sing.	sọ̑nca
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca
genitive rodȋlnik	sọ̑nca	sọ̑nc	sọ̑nc
dative dajȃlnik	sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci	sọ̑ncoma, sọ̑ncama	sọ̑ncom, sọ̑ncam
accusative tožȋlnik	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca
locative mẹ̑stnik	sọ̑ncu, sọ̑nci	sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah	sọ̑ncih, sọ̑ncah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	sọ̑ncom	sọ̑ncoma, sọ̑ncama	sọ̑nci
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca

• The s-infix is often omitted in some dialects. (non-tonal)

First neuter declension (hard o-stem) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	drévo
gen. sing.	dréva
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	drévo	drévi	dréva
genitive rodȋlnik	dréva	drév	drév
dative dajȃlnik	drévu, drévi	drévoma, drévama	drévom, drévam
accusative tožȋlnik	drévo	drévi	dréva
locative mẹ̑stnik	drévu, drévi	drévih, drévah	drévih, drévah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	drévom	drévoma, drévama	drévi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	drévo	drévi	dréva