Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gramaz (“furious”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gramjaną

1. to cause to be angry, provoke, irritate
2. to anger

Inflection

Conjugation of *gramjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gramjō	*gramjaų	—	*gramjai	?
2nd singular	*gramisi	*gramjais	*grami	*gramjasai	*gramjaisau
3rd singular	*gramiþi	*gramjai	*gramjaþau	*gramjaþai	*gramjaiþau
1st dual	*gramjōs	*gramjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gramjaþiz	*gramjaiþiz	*gramjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gramjamaz	*gramjaim	—	*gramjanþai	*gramjainþau
2nd plural	*gramiþ	*gramjaiþ	*gramiþ	*gramjanþai	*gramjainþau
3rd plural	*gramjanþi	*gramjain	*gramjanþau	*gramjanþai	*gramjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gramidǭ	*gramidēdį̄
2nd singular	*gramidēz	*gramidēdīz
3rd singular	*gramidē	*gramidēdī
1st dual	*gramidēdū	*gramidēdīw
2nd dual	*gramidēdudiz	*gramidēdīdiz
1st plural	*gramidēdum	*gramidēdīm
2nd plural	*gramidēdud	*gramidēdīd
3rd plural	*gramidēdun	*gramidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*gramjandz	*gramidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *grammjan
  • Old English: gremian, gremman
    • Middle English: gremen
  • Old Frisian: *gremia, *gremma
    • Saterland Frisian: grääme
  • Old Saxon: *gremian, *gremmian
    • Middle Low German: grēmen, gremmen
  • Old Dutch: *gremen, *gremmen
    • Middle Dutch: grēmen, gremmen
  • Old High German: gremen, gremmen
    • Middle High German: gremen
      • German: grämen
• Old Norse: gremja
  • Icelandic: gremja
  • Norwegian Bokmål: gremme; gremmes
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: gremja, gremje, gremma, gremme
  • Swedish: gräma
  • Danish: græmme
• Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gramjan)