Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žalь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*žàľь

Etymology edit

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gḗlˀis, *gḗlˀāˀ, an elongated ē-grade verbal noun of *želti (“to string”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH-. Nearly exact cognate with Lithuanian gėlà (“pain, anguish”) (a-stem), gė́lė (“panifully, agonizingly”) (adverb). Further akin to Old Armenian կեղ (keł, “wound, sore”), Proto-Germanic *kwēlō (“agony”).

Noun edit

*žàlь f^[1]^[2]^[3]

burial monument
(abstract) regret, sorrow, pity, grief → sorry, woe (as an adverb or interjection)
Synonyms: *pečalь, *tǫga, *mǫka, *gořestь, *skъrbь

Alternative forms edit

*žalъ m (о-stem, in West Slavic)
*žala f (ā-stem)

Inflection edit

Declension of *žàlь (i-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*žàlь	*žàli	*žàli
genitive	*žàlī	žàlьju, žàľu^*	žàlьjь, žàlī^*
dative	*žàli	*žàlьma	*žàlьmъ
accusative	*žàlь	*žàli	*žàli
instrumental	žàlьjǫ, žàľǭ^*	*žàlьma	*žàlьmī
locative	*žàlī	žàlьju, žàľu^*	*žàlьxъ
vocative	*žali	*žàli	*žàli

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms edit

*žaliti, *žalěti (“to grieve, to mourn”)
- *žalějь (“lament, whining”)
- *sъžalěnьje (“pity, compassion”)
*žalovati (“to feel sorry for, to pity”)
*žalostь, *žalota (“pity, sympathy”)
*žalьba (“lament, expression of regret, complaint”), *žaloba (“mourning”)
*žalьnъ (“regetful, sorrowful”)
*žalъkъ (“pitiful”)
желя (želja)

Related terms edit

Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷelH-‎ (0 c, 8 e)

Descendants edit

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: жаль (žalĭ)
  - Belarusian: жаль (žalʹ)
  - Russian: жаль (žalʹ)
  - Ukrainian: жаль (žalʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: жаль (žalĭ, “burial monument”)
- Bulgarian: жал (žal)
- Macedonian: жал (žal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: жа̑л, жа̏о
  
  Latin script: žȃl, žȁo
- Slovene: žȁl
West Slavic:
- Czech: žal m
- Kashubian: żôl m
- Polish: żal m
- Slovak: žiaľ m
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: žel
  - Upper Sorbian: žal

References edit

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žalь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 553: “f. i ‘grief, regret, pity’”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “žȁl”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*ža̋lь”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “žalь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (RPT 99)”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žalь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 553: “f. i ‘grief, regret, pity’”

[2] Snoj, Marko (2016) “žȁl”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*ža̋lь”

[3] Olander, Thomas (2001) “žalь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (RPT 99)”

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