Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dyra

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

U-vocalism of Proto-Slavic *dira, from the intensive stem of *dъrati (“to tear”) +‎ *-a, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”). Trubachev explains *-y- with the influence of prefixed forms in Proto-Slavic *u- such as Proto-Slavic *udъriti (“to flench”), which hardened the root vowel. A similar development is attested in Lithuanian dùrti (“to stab, to prick”), Latvian dur̃t (“to stab, to prick”).

Noun

dyrà f

1. crack, snick, notch

   Synonyms: *rězъ, *pazina, *želbъ

Alternative forms

• *dira, *diřa (i-reflex)
• *děra (enlonged e-grade)

Declension

Declension of *dyra (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dyra	*dyrě	*dyry
genitive	*dyry	*dyru	*dyrъ
dative	*dyrě	*dyrama	*dyramъ
accusative	*dyrǫ	*dyrě	*dyry
instrumental	*dyrojǫ, *dyrǫ**	*dyrama	*dyrami
locative	*dyrě	*dyru	*dyrasъ, *dyraxъ*
vocative	*dyro	*dyrě	*dyry

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

• *derti, *dьrati (“to tear, to flay”)
• *derъ, *derьba (“skinning, flaying”)
• *dorъ (“tearing, split”)

Derived terms

• *dyravъ (“torn, engraved”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: дꙑрꙗ (dyrja)
  • Russian: дыра́ (dyrá)
• West Slavic:
  • Polabian: darӑ

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “дыра́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dyra”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 205