Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂-, from the root *kewh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian káuti (“to hew, to beat, to murder”), Latvian kaût (“to fight”), Latin cūdere (“to forge, to beat, to grind”), Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew, to beat”), Old High German houwan (“to hew, to beat”), Old Irish cuad (“to beat, to fight”).

Verb edit

*kovàti impf^[1]^[2]

to forge

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *kovati, *kova, *kovetь (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kovanьje	*kovati	*kovatъ	*kovalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kovanъ	*kovomъ
Active	*kovavъ	*kovy

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kovaxъ	*kova	*kova	*kovǫ	*koveši	*kovetь
Dual	*kovaxově	*kovasta	*kovaste	*kovevě	*koveta	*kovete
Plural	*kovaxomъ	*kovaste	*kovašę	*kovemъ	*kovete	*kovǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kovaaxъ	*kovaaše	*kovaaše	—	*kovi	*kovi
Dual	*kovaaxově	*kovaašeta	*kovaašete	*kověvě	*kověta	—
Plural	*kovaaxomъ	*kovaašete	*kovaaxǫ	*kověmъ	*kověte	—

Conjugation of *kovati, *kova, *kujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kovanьje	*kovati	*kovatъ	*kovalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kovanъ	*kujemъ
Active	*kovavъ	*kuję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kovaxъ	*kova	*kova	*kujǫ	*kuješi	*kujetь
Dual	*kovaxově	*kovasta	*kovaste	*kujevě	*kujeta	*kujete
Plural	*kovaxomъ	*kovaste	*kovašę	*kujemъ	*kujete	*kujǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kovaaxъ	*kovaaše	*kovaaše	—	*kuji	*kuji
Dual	*kovaaxově	*kovaašeta	*kovaašete	*kujivě	*kujita	—
Plural	*kovaaxomъ	*kovaašete	*kovaaxǫ	*kujimъ	*kujite	—

Conjugation of *kuti, *ku, *kovetь (impf., -V/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kutьje	*kuti	*kutъ	*kulъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kutъ	*kovomъ
Active	*kuvъ	*kovy

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kuxъ	*ku	*ku	*kovǫ	*koveši	*kovetь
Dual	*kuxově	*kusta	*kuste	*kovevě	*koveta	*kovete
Plural	*kuxomъ	*kuste	*kušę	*kovemъ	*kovete	*kovǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kověaxъ	*kověaše	*kověaše	—	*kovi	*kovi
Dual	*kověaxově	*kověašeta	*kověašete	*kověvě	*kověta	—
Plural	*kověaxomъ	*kověašete	*kověaxǫ	*kověmъ	*kověte	—

Conjugation of *kuti, *ku, *kujetь (impf., -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kutьje	*kuti	*kutъ	*kulъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kutъ	*kujemъ
Active	*kuvъ	*kuję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kuxъ	*ku	*ku	*kujǫ	*kuješi	*kujetь
Dual	*kuxově	*kusta	*kuste	*kujevě	*kujeta	*kujete
Plural	*kuxomъ	*kuste	*kušę	*kujemъ	*kujete	*kujǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kujaaxъ	*kujaaše	*kujaaše	—	*kuji	*kuji
Dual	*kujaaxově	*kujaašeta	*kujaašete	*kujivě	*kujita	—
Plural	*kujaaxomъ	*kujaašete	*kujaaxǫ	*kujimъ	*kujite	—

Alternative forms edit

*kùti

Related terms edit

*kũznь (“smithy, smithery”)
*kъznь (“art”)
*kujati (“to crook, to cow”)
*kyjь (“stick, club”)
*podъkova (“horseshoe”)
*kovanъ (“smitten”)
- *kovanьje (“forging”)
*(obъ)kovъ (“fitting, forging”)
*kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)
*kovaľь (“blacksmith”)
*kovařь (“blacksmith”)

Descendants edit

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: ковати (kovati)
  - Belarusian: кава́ць (kavácʹ)
  - Russian: кова́ть (kovátʹ)
  - Ukrainian: кува́ти (kuváty)
- Old Novgorodian: кова́ти (kováti)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: ковати (kovati)
  
  Glagolitic: ⰽⱁⰲⰰⱅⰹ (kovati)
- Bulgarian: кова́ (ková)
- Macedonian: кове (kove)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ко̀вати
  
  Latin script: kòvati
- Slovene: kováti, kúti (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: kovati
  - Czech: kout, kovat
- Old Polish: kować
  - Polish: kuć, kować (dialectal)
- Slovak: kovať, kuť
- Slovincian: kôwac
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: kować
  - Lower Sorbian: kowaś

References edit

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kovàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 241: “v. (c) ‘forge’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “kovati: kujǫ kujetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 212, 214, 236; PR 139)”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kovàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 241: “v. (c) ‘forge’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “kovati: kujǫ kujetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 212, 214, 236; PR 139)”

[1]

[2]