Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/adak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Usually considered to be simplex, however some theories have been thrown around:

1. Németh and some other linguists derive it from *āt- (“to take a step”).
2. Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *ad- (“to seperate”), however states that the morphology is not very obvious as there is no deverbal noun forming *-ak suffix.
3. Hamilton puts forth the possibility of being derived from *yād- (“to spread”).

Sevortyan's attempt at relating it with Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) and Räsänen's attempt to link it with Korean 바닥 (badak) are unfounded.

Noun

*adak or *hadak

1. (anatomy) foot
2. (figurative) the end of something

Declension

Declension of *adak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*adak
Accusative	*adaknï, *adakïg 4), *adaknïg 1)
Genitive	*adaknïŋ
Dative	*adakka
Locative	*adakda
Ablative	*adakdan
Allative	*adakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*adakïn
Equative 2)	*adakča
Similative 2)	*adaklayu
Comitative 2)	*adaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms

• ⇒ *adak-la-

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ура (ura)
• Common Turkic: *adak

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: hadaq
• Proto-Oghuz: *ayak
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: ayaq
      • Ottoman Turkish: آیاق (ayak)
        • Gagauz: ayak
        • Turkish: ayak
        • → Armenian: այախ (ayax)
  • Salar: ayaq
  • Turkmen: aýak
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: اَذَقْ (aδaq)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (aδaq), [script needed] (ayaq)
      • Chagatai: آیاق (ayaq), آیاغ (ayağ)
        • Uzbek: oyoq
        • Uyghur: ئاياق (ayaq), ئاياغ (ayagh)
• Kipchak:
  • Kipchak: ايق (ayaq)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ayaq)
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: ayaq
      • Karachay-Balkar: аякъ (ayaq)
      • Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir: аҙаҡ (aźaq, “end; then”), аяҡ (ayaq, “leg”)
      • Tatar: аяк (ayak)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Kazakh: аяқ (aäq)
      • Karakalpak: ayaq
      • Nogai: аяк (ayak)
    • East Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)
      • Southern Altai: аяк (ayak), айак (ayak)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰴 (adaq)
    • Old Uyghur: ʾʾdʾq (adaq)
      • Western Yugur: azaq
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: атак (atak)
    • Yakut: атах (ataq)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tuvan: адак (adak)
    • Yeniseian Turkic:
      • Khakas: азах (azax)
      • Shor: азақ (azaq)
• → Proto-Mongolic: *adag

References

• al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “aḏak”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 45
• Eren, Hasan (1999) “ayak”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 26
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “ayak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 5
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 105
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*adak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill